Development and validation of a prediction rule for patients suspected of acute coronary syndrome in primary care: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

ObjectiveTo develop and validate a symptom-based prediction rule for early recognition of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in patients with acute chest discomfort who call out-of-hours services for primary care (OHS-PC).DesignCross-sectional study. A diagnostic prediction rule was developed with multivariable regression analyses. All models were validated with internal-external cross validation within seven OHS-PC locations. Both age and sex were analysed as statistical interaction terms, applying for age non-linear effects.SettingSeven OHS-PC in the Netherlands.Participants2192 patients who called OHS-PC for acute chest discomfort (pain, pressure, tightness or discomfort) between 2014 and 2017. Backed up recordings of telephone triage conversations were analysed.Primary and secondary outcomes measuresDiagnosis of ACS retrieved from the patient’s medical records in general practice, including hospital specialists discharge letters. Performance of the prediction rules was calculated with the c-statistic and the final model was chosen based on net benefit analyses.ResultsAmong the 2192 patients who called the OHS-PC with acute chest discomfort, 8.3% females and 15.3% males had an ACS. The final diagnostic model included seven predictors (sex, age, acute onset of chest pain lasting less than 12 hours, a pressing/heavy character of the pain, radiation of the pain, sweating and calling at night). It had an adjusted c-statistic of 0.77 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.79) with good calibration.ConclusionThe final prediction model for ACS has good discrimination and calibration and shows promise for replacing the existing telephone triage rules for patients with acute chest discomfort in general practice and OHS-PC.Trial registration numberNTR7331.

Prevention and Treatment of Acute Coronary Artery Syndrome

“…Triggers for atherosclerotic plaque rupture Regardless of whether the trigger is present or not, the vulnerable plaque will rupture sooner or later, but unusual activity may occasionally induce the rupture of the plaque [13], Myocardial infarction occurs in moderate to severe physical activity, emotional stimulation or excitement. There is still controversy about the trigger factor of myocardial infarction after activity, because many myocardial infarction occurs in daily life without significant increase in activity, and many patients with coronary heart disease do not have myocardial infarction in exercise trials [14].…”