Development and validation of a simple chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of clindamycin phosphate and rifampicin in skin permeation studies

Pereira, Maíra N.; Matos, Breno N.; Gratieri, Taís; Cunha-Filho, Marcílio; Gelfuso, Guilherme M.

doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.007

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In the case of D6, the precision in the stratum corneum was in the range of 5.1–9.6%, with an accuracy of 92.2–101.6%; in the epidermis, precision was in the range of 5.8–9.2%, with an accuracy of 94.2–97.2%; in the dermis, precision was in the range of 5.7–6.6%, with an accuracy of 97.4–98.8%; in the receptor fluid, precision was in the range of 4.9–7.9%, with an accuracy of 97.6–103.0%. In all the above experiments, the CV was less than 15% [ 59 ]. Therefore, the recoveries indicate a very efficient extraction of the analytes and a high affinity of siloxanes to the solvent used (i.e., CCl 4 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ex Vivo Human Skin is not a Barrier for Cyclic Siloxanes (Cyclic Silicones): Evidence of Diffusion, Bioaccumulation, and Risk of Dermal Absorption Using a New Validated GC-FID Procedure

Krenczkowska

Mojsiewicz‐Pieńkowska

Wielgomas

et al. 2020

Pharmaceutics

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Cyclic methylsiloxanes D4, D5, D6 (also called cyclic silicones) are widely used in various dermatological products and cosmetics, both for children and adults. As a result of their unique physicochemical properties, the production of cyclic methylsiloxanes has greatly increased over the last few years, which has resulted in increased exposure to mankind. The validated quantitative for gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis with using the transdermal diffusion system with vertical Franz cells demonstrated that ex vivo human skin is not a barrier to cyclic siloxanes. D4, D5, and D6 have a specific affinity to stratum corneum (SC) (especially D6), and can even diffuse into the deeper layers of the skin (epidermis (E) and dermis (D)), or into the receptor fluid as well. An important achievement of this work was the observation of the characteristic ratio partitioning D4, D5, and D6 in skin layers and receptor fluid (RF). The studies have shown that, in order to thoroughly understand the mechanism, it is important to determine not only the differences in the amounts of cumulated doses in total in all skin layers and receptor fluid, but also the mutual ratios of analyte concentrations existing between matrices. For example, in the case of the stratum corneum, the cumulative doses of D4, D5, and D6 were 27.5, 63.9, and 67.2 µg/cm2/24 h, respectively, and in the epidermis, they were 6.9, 29.9, and 10.7 µg/cm2/24 h, respectively, which confirmed the highest affinity of D6 to stratum corneum as the amount diffused into the epidermis was 2.8 times smaller compared to D5. The calculated epidermis-to-stratum corneum ratios of analyte concentrations also confirm this. The largest ratio was identified for D5 (E/SC = 47), followed by D4 (E/SC = 25), and finally by D6 (E/SC = 16). The analysis of the next stage of diffusion from epidermis to dermis revealed that in dermis the highest cumulative dose was observed for D5 (13.9 µg/cm2/24 h), while the doses of D4 and D6 were similar (5.1 and 5.3 µg/cm2/24 h). Considering the concentration gradient, it can be concluded that the diffusion of D5 and D6 occurs at a similar level, while D4 diffuses at a much higher level. These observations were also confirmed by the dermis-to-epidermis concentration ratios. The final stage of diffusion from dermis to the receptor fluid indicated that D4 was able to permeate easily, while D5 exhibited a difficult diffusion and the diffusion of D6 was limited. The receptor fluid-to-dermis concentration ratios (RF/D) were calculated for D4, D5, and D6: 80, 53, and 17, respectively. Our results also revealed the increased risk of D4 and D5 absorption into the blood and lymphatic systems, whereas D6 demonstrated the lowest risk. Therefore, we can argue that, among the three tested compounds, D6 is the safest one that can be used in dermatological, cosmetic, and personal care products. This study demonstrates that the stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis can be also considered reservoirs of cyclic methylsiloxanes. Therefore, these compounds can demonstrate potential long-term bioaccumulation, and can be absorbed to the bloodstream in a long-term and uncontrolled process.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ex Vivo Human Skin is not a Barrier for Cyclic Siloxanes (Cyclic Silicones): Evidence of Diffusion, Bioaccumulation, and Risk of Dermal Absorption Using a New Validated GC-FID Procedure

Krenczkowska

Mojsiewicz‐Pieńkowska

Wielgomas

et al. 2020

Pharmaceutics

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“…The specicity and selectivity were evaluated in order to identify compounds that might interfere with analyte elution in the chromatogram. Several components, namely PBS (pH 7.4) and skin sample, that may affect the analyte chromatogram were evaluated to ensure a good separation with minimal interference for the analytical method as highlighted by Pereira et al 26 As presented in Fig. 3, no interfering peaks were found in the chromatograms.…”

Section: Hplc Methods Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of simple and sensitive HPLC-UV method for ethambutol hydrochloride detection following transdermal application

2022

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“…MMIPs use magnetic nanoparticles as the core covered by MIPs shell. The MMIPs can be separated from the solvent by external magnetic field due to the magnetic properties of magnetic nanoparticles [16]. It is worth reporting that their low toxicity combined with the skills above make MMIPs a qualified option in the fields of purification and separation [17].…”

Section: Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction (Mspe)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Nanomaterials and Nanostructures in Sample Preparation Prior to Liquid Chromatography

Antoniou

Samanidou

2022

Magnetochemistry

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Magnetic nanomaterials and nanostructures compose an innovative subject in sample preparation. Most of them are designed according to the properties of the target analytes on each occasion. The unique characteristics of nanomaterials enhance the proficiency at extracting and enriching due to their selective adsorption ability as well as easy separation and surface modification. Their remarkable properties, such as superparamagnetism, biocompatibility and selectivity have established magnetic materials as very reliable options in sample preparation approaches. In order to comprehend the range of utilization at magnetic materials and nanostructures, this review aims to present the most notable examples in sample preparation prior to liquid chromatography (LC) to the community of analytical chemists. Primarily, the review describes the principles of the techniques in which the magnetic materials are utilized and leaned on. Additionally, there is a diligent report about the novel magnetic techniques and finally a comparison to demonstrate the total point of view.

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Development and validation of a simple chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of clindamycin phosphate and rifampicin in skin permeation studies

Cited by 25 publications

References 25 publications

Ex Vivo Human Skin is not a Barrier for Cyclic Siloxanes (Cyclic Silicones): Evidence of Diffusion, Bioaccumulation, and Risk of Dermal Absorption Using a New Validated GC-FID Procedure

Ex Vivo Human Skin is not a Barrier for Cyclic Siloxanes (Cyclic Silicones): Evidence of Diffusion, Bioaccumulation, and Risk of Dermal Absorption Using a New Validated GC-FID Procedure

Development and validation of simple and sensitive HPLC-UV method for ethambutol hydrochloride detection following transdermal application

Magnetic Nanomaterials and Nanostructures in Sample Preparation Prior to Liquid Chromatography

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