Development and Testing of the Barriers to Cessation Scale

Macnee, Carol L.; Talsma, AkkeNeel

doi:10.1097/00006199-199507000-00005

Cited by 105 publications

(143 citation statements)

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“…Participants are asked to rate the extent to which they identify each item as a barrier to cessation. The BCS has been found to have good internal consistency in regard to the total score (Cronbach's α = .81-.87) as well as the three subscales (range of Cronbach's α = .71-.84; Macnee & Talsma, 1995a). The alpha for the BCS total score for this study was .88.…”

Section: The Structured Clinical Interview For Dsm-iv Axis I Disordermentioning

confidence: 60%

“…The Barriers to Cessation Scale BCS (Macnee & Talsma, 1995a) was used to assess barriers, or specific stressors, associated with smoking cessation. This scale consists of 19 items, rated on a 4-point Likert-style scale (0 = not a barrier to 3 = large barrier), which comprise three subscales: addictive barriers (e.g., "Being addicted to cigarettes"), external barriers (e.g., "No encouragement or help from friends"), and internal barriers (e.g., "Fear of failing to quit").…”

Section: The Structured Clinical Interview For Dsm-iv Axis I Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The alpha for the BCS total score for this study was .88. The BCS also has evidenced good content and predictive validity (Macnee & Talsma, 1995a). To maintain consistency with past work using the BCS (e.g., Macnee & Talsma, 1995b;Zvolensky, Vujanovic et al, 2007), only the total BCS score was utilized in this study.…”

Section: The Structured Clinical Interview For Dsm-iv Axis I Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

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An evaluation of anxiety sensitivity, emotional dysregulation, and negative affectivity among daily cigarette smokers: Relation to smoking motives and barriers to quitting

Gonzalez

Zvolensky

Vujanovic

et al. 2008

Journal of Psychiatric Research

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The present investigation evaluated the relations between anxiety sensitivity and motivational bases of cigarette smoking, as well as barriers to quitting smoking, above and beyond concurrent substance use, negative affectivity, and emotional dysregulation among a community sample of 189 daily cigarette smokers (46% women; M age = 24.97 years, SD = 9.78). Results indicated that anxiety sensitivity was significantly related to coping, addictive, and habitual smoking motives, as well as greater perceived barriers to quitting. These effects were evident above and beyond the variance accounted for by concurrent tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use and discernable from shared variance with negative affectivity and emotional dysregulation. Emotional dysregulation was significantly related to stimulation, habitual, and sensorimotor smoking motives and greater perceived barriers to quitting, whereas negative affectivity was only significantly related to smoking for relaxation. These findings uniquely add to a growing literature suggesting anxiety sensitivity is an important and unique cognitive factor for better understanding clinically-relevant psychological processes related to cigarette smoking.There has been an increased effort to better understand linkages between tobacco use and anxiety disorders (Brown & Wolfe, 1994;Feldner, Babson, & Zvolensky, 2007;Kalman, Morissette, & George, 2005;Koenen et al., 2006;Morissette, Tull, Gulliver, Kamholz, & Zimering, 2007;Morrell & Cohen, 2006;Patton, Carlin, Coffey, Wolfe, Hibbert, & Bowes, 1998;Zvolensky, Bernstein, Marshall, & Feldner, 2006;Zvolensky, Feldner, Leen-Feldner, & McLeish, 2005). These scientific activities are theoretically and clinically important as there are bidirectional relations between tobacco use and anxiety and its disorders (Morissette et al., 2007;Morrell & Cohen, 2006;Zvolensky & Bernstein, 2005).An important cognitively-based individual difference factor relevant to psychologically-based smoking processes is anxiety sensitivity (AS). AS is the fear of anxiety and arousal-related sensations (McNally, 2002), and it has been conceptualized as a trait-like, cognitive predisposition for anxiety and stress-related psychopathology Taylor, 1999) that is malleable if targeted via cognitive-behavioral or pharmacological clinical Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Michael J. Zvolensky, Ph.D. Dr. Zvolensky can be contacted at The University of Vermont, Department of Psychology, 2 Colchester Avenue, John Dewey Hall, Burlington, VT 05405-0134, 802-656-8994 (phone), 802-656-8783 (facsimile); electronic mail may be sent to Michael.Zvolensky@uvm.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may...

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Section: The Structured Clinical Interview For Dsm-iv Axis I Disordermentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: The Structured Clinical Interview For Dsm-iv Axis I Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Structured Clinical Interview For Dsm-iv Axis I Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

An evaluation of anxiety sensitivity, emotional dysregulation, and negative affectivity among daily cigarette smokers: Relation to smoking motives and barriers to quitting

Gonzalez

Zvolensky

Vujanovic

et al. 2008

Journal of Psychiatric Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Scores are summed and a total score is derived. The BCS has strong psychometric properties (Macnee & Talsma, 1995); internal consistency was α = .89 in the sample.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The Barriers to Cessation Scale (BCS; Macnee & Talsma, 1995) is a 19-item self-report assessment of barriers associated with quitting smoking. Respondents indicate, on a 4-point Likert scale (0 = not a barrier or not applicable to 3 = large barrier), the degree to which they identify with each barrier (e.g., "Weight gain," "Friends encouraging you to smoke," "Fear of failing to quit").…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety Sensitivity and Pre-Cessation Smoking Processes: Testing the Independent and Combined Mediating Effects of Negative Affect–Reduction Expectancies and Motives

Farris

Leventhal

Schmidt

et al. 2015

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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ABSTRACT. Objective: Anxiety sensitivity appears to be relevant in understanding the nature of emotional symptoms and disorders associated with smoking. Negative-reinforcement smoking expectancies and motives are implicated as core regulatory processes that may explain, in part, the anxiety sensitivity-smoking interrelations; however, these pathways have received little empirical attention. Method: Participants (N = 471) were adult treatment-seeking daily smokers assessed for a smoking-cessation trial who provided baseline data; 157 participants provided within-treatment (pre-cessation) data. Anxiety sensitivity was examined as a cross-sectional predictor of several baseline smoking processes (nicotine dependence, perceived barriers to cessation, severity of prior withdrawal-related quit problems) and pre-cessation processes including nicotine withdrawal and smoking urges (assessed during 3 weeks before the quit day). Baseline negative-reinforcement smoking expectancies and motives were tested as simultaneous mediators via parallel multiple mediator models. Results: Higher levels of anxiety sensitivity were related to higher levels of nicotine dependence, greater perceived barriers to smoking cessation, more severe withdrawal-related problems during prior quit attempts, and greater average withdrawal before the quit day; effects were indirectly explained by the combination of both mediators. Higher levels of anxiety sensitivity were not directly related to pre-cessation smoking urges but were indirectly related through the independent and combined effects of the mediators. Conclusions: These empirical findings bolster theoretical models of anxiety sensitivity and smoking and identify targets for nicotine dependence etiology research and cessation interventions. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 76, 317-325, 2015)

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Why Do Anxiety Sensitive Smokers Perceive Quitting as Difficult? The Role of Expecting “Interoceptive Threat” During Acute Abstinence

et al. 2014

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Development and Testing of the Barriers to Cessation Scale

Cited by 105 publications

References 0 publications

An evaluation of anxiety sensitivity, emotional dysregulation, and negative affectivity among daily cigarette smokers: Relation to smoking motives and barriers to quitting

An evaluation of anxiety sensitivity, emotional dysregulation, and negative affectivity among daily cigarette smokers: Relation to smoking motives and barriers to quitting

Anxiety Sensitivity and Pre-Cessation Smoking Processes: Testing the Independent and Combined Mediating Effects of Negative Affect–Reduction Expectancies and Motives

Why Do Anxiety Sensitive Smokers Perceive Quitting as Difficult? The Role of Expecting “Interoceptive Threat” During Acute Abstinence

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