Development and Testing of a Methodology for the Assessment of Acceptability of LKA Systems

Salvati, Luca; D’Amore, Matteo; Fiorentino, Anita; Pellegrino, Arcangelo; Sena, Pasquale; Villecco, Francesco

doi:10.3390/machines8030047

Cited by 27 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…In addition, to be applied to autonomous driving technology, it is necessary to consider driving environment scenarios (curves, obstacle avoidance, lane changes, etc.) in human-out-of-the-loop situations [ 26 , 27 ]. Therefore, IVIS research using haptic signals should be conducted as a guideline or standard stage rather than a basic stage, and this research can be supported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intelligibility of Haptic Signals in Vehicle Information Systems

Shin

Kim

2021

Sensors

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to verify changes in a driver’s emotions through the physical characteristics of haptic signals. This is to improve the performance of drivers by designing haptic signals with emotional semantics. Background: Currently, drivers receive a variety of information through intelligent systems installed in their vehicles. Because this is mainly achieved through visual and auditory channels, an excessive amount of information is provided to drivers, which increases the amount of information and cognitive load that they must accept. This, in turn, can reduce driving safety. It is, therefore, necessary to develop a haptic signal, a sensory channel that has not been widely used in in-vehicle information systems. Methods: The experiment was performed to collect a driver’s emotions according to the haptic signal in a driving simulator. Haptic signals were designed by various frequencies and accelerations, and driver emotions were collected through Kansei engineering techniques and analyzed through factor analysis. To verify intelligibility, haptic signals were compared and evaluated based on response time, response rate, and amount of transmitted information. Results: The final determined emotional map consisted of dangerousness and urgency. Based on the emotional map, four emotional semantic haptic signals were designed. It was confirmed that these four signals displayed higher performance than the discriminability haptic signal in terms of response time, response rate, and amount of transmitted information. Conclusions: Using emotional maps, it is possible to design haptic signals that can be applied to various driving situations. These maps may also assist in securing design guidelines for haptic signals that apply to in-vehicle information systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intelligibility of Haptic Signals in Vehicle Information Systems

Shin

Kim

2021

Sensors

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“…Regarding the FEM static analysis of the spur gear pair, five conditions were considered in order to evaluate the stress resulting from the meshing of the gears, since their acoustic emissions are influenced by the stresses resulting from the contact point [ 38 , 39 ]. Different parameters were taken into account for each condition considered, as shown in Table 2 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noise Reduction in Spur Gear Systems

Liguori

Armentani

Bertocco

et al. 2020

Entropy

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This article lists some tips for reducing gear case noise. With this aim, a static analysis was carried out in order to describe how stresses resulting from meshing gears affect the acoustic emissions. Different parameters were taken into account, such as the friction, material, and lubrication, in order to validate ideas from the literature and to make several comparisons. Furthermore, a coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) analysis was performed, which was an innovative way of evaluating the sound pressure level of the aforementioned gears. Different parameters were considered again, such as the friction, lubrication, material, and rotational speed, in order to make different research comparisons. The analytical results agreed with those in the literature, both for the static analysis and CEL analysis—for example, it was shown that changing the material from steel to ductile iron improved the gear noise, while increasing the rotational speed or the friction increased the acoustic emissions. Regarding the CEL analysis, air was considered a perfect gas, but its viscosity or another state equation could have also been taken into account. Therefore, the above allowed us to state that research into these scientific fields will bring about reliable results.

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“…Such a situation occurs in 32% of accidents involving two-wheeled vehicles [32]. Therefore, it is of interest to add two-wheeled vehicles the safety features implemented in cars, such as anti-lock braking, traction control, or stability systems, given that such systems resulted in an excellent accident reduction for cars [33][34][35][36]. Thus, adequate systems could help the rider stay in control of the two-wheeled vehicle during dangerous situations and avoid accidents [37,38].…”

Section: Formulation Of the Problem Of Interest For This Investigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multibody System Approach for the Systematic Development of a Closed-Chain Kinematic Model for Two-Wheeled Vehicles

2021

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In this investigation, a closed-chain kinematic model for two-wheeled vehicles is devised. The kinematic model developed in this work is general and, therefore, it is suitable for describing the complex geometry of the motion of both bicycles and motorcycles. Since the proposed kinematic model is systematically developed in the paper by employing a sound multibody system approach, which is grounded on the use of a straightforward closed-chain kinematic description, it allows for readily evaluating the effectiveness of two alternative methods to formulate the wheel-road contact constraints. The methods employed for this purpose are a technique based on the geometry of the vector cross-product and a strategy based on a simple surface parameterization of the front wheel. To this end, considering a kinematically driven vehicle system, a comparative analysis is performed to analyze the geometry of the contact between the front wheel of the vehicle and the ground, which represents a fundamental problem in the study of the motion of two-wheeled vehicles in general. Subsequently, an exhaustive and extensive numerical analysis, based on the systematic multibody approach mentioned before, is carried out in this work to study the system kinematics in detail. Furthermore, the orientation of the front assembly, which includes the frontal fork, the handlebars, and the front wheel in a seamless subsystem, is implicitly formulated through the definition of three successive rotations, and this approach is used to propose an explicit formulation of its inherent set of Euler angles. In general, the numerical results developed in the present work compare favorably with those found in the literature about vehicle kinematics and contact geometry.

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Development and Testing of a Methodology for the Assessment of Acceptability of LKA Systems

Cited by 27 publications

References 29 publications

Intelligibility of Haptic Signals in Vehicle Information Systems

Intelligibility of Haptic Signals in Vehicle Information Systems

Noise Reduction in Spur Gear Systems

A Multibody System Approach for the Systematic Development of a Closed-Chain Kinematic Model for Two-Wheeled Vehicles

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