Development and preventative effect against pine wilt disease of a novel liquid formulation of emamectin benzoate

Abstract

Injection of the poorly water-soluble emamectin benzoate (EB) into pine trunks required the development of an efficient liquid formulation. For injection into big trees in forests a good rate of injection and a high active content were required. Tests on the viscosity and EB-solubilizing ability of 14 various solubilizers in diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (DGMBE) led to the selection of Sorpol SM-100PM as the solubilizer of the formulation. Relationships between the solubilizing ability and amounts of Sorpol SM-100PM and DGMBE relative to that of EB, and between the concentration of the latter and the viscosity or the injection rate of the formulation led to a novel 40 g litre(-1) emamectin benzoate formulation (Shot Wan Liquid Formulation), which was composed of EB (40), Sorpol SM-100PM (120), DGMBE (160) and distilled water (50 g litre(-1)) in methanol. Injection of this formulation at a dose of 10 g EB per unit volume of pine tree prevented over 90% of the trees from wilting caused by pine wood nematode, and this preventative effect continued for 3 years. Neither discolouration of the leaves nor injury around the injection hole on the trees was observed after injection of the formulation.

Bioactivity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus: Nematotoxics from essential oils, essential oils fractions and decoction waters

“…The PWN is commonly controlled by controlling the insect vector through aerial application of synthetic insecticides, by fumigation of infected trees, pine tree-free strips, use of vector natural enemies, or by controlling the nematode through trunk injection of anti-nematicidal compounds such as abamectins (Lee et al, 2003;Takai et al, 2003;Mota and Vieira, 2008). Nevertheless, the use of synthetic pesticides is associated with environment pollution and undesirable influences on human health or against non-target organisms (Zhao, 2008).…”

Pine Wilt Disease: a threat to European forestry

“…Alternatively, trunk injections with mortel tartarate (GreenGuard®), avermectins, emamectin benzoate (e.g. PURSUE®recently released by Syngenta©) or abamectin, have been demonstrated as efficient nematicides, causing ataxia and paralysis of the PWN (Burg et al 1979;Takai et al 2003). Wang et al (2010b) have recently synthetized a novel nematicide based in avermectin, known as "Huanoung avermictin", which showed a higher level of water solubility and a superior nematicidal activity when compared with the above.…”

Nematicidal Activity of Eclipta prostrata Extract and Terthiophene against Pine Wood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

“…따라서 소나무재선충의 감염을 막기 위해서 는 현재까지는 살선충제의 나무주사가 가장 현실적인 방법 이다 (Shin et al, 2015). 소나무재선충병을 예방하기 위한 나무주사 약제로는 emamectin benzoate나 abamectin, morantel tartrate 같은 살선충 제들이 이용되고 있는데 (Takai et al, 2003;Lee et al, 2009) 환경에 대한 위해성이나 비용적인 측면 때문에 저비용으로 환경 위해성이 낮거나 없는 대체 방제제에 대한 요구도가 증가되고 있는 실정이다 (Park et al, 2007;Lee et al, 2015). 이러한 대체 방제물질로서 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있는 것 은 식물체 유래물질이나 미생물들 중 활성이 높은 물질들은 생화학 농약이나 화학농약 개발로 활용될 수 있기 때문이다 (Tomlin, 2006).…”