Pine Wilt Disease: a threat to European forestry

Vicente, Cláudia S. L.; Espada, Margarida; Vieira, Paulo; Mota, Manuel

doi:10.1007/s10658-011-9924-x

Cited by 197 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…et al, 2012), the PWN is one of the most feared pests and pathogens due to its impact on forest health, natural ecosystem stability and international trade (Vicente et al, 2012). The effects of the PWN on the global ecosystem and natural biodiversity are irreversible (Kiyohara & Bolla, 1990;Suzuki, 2002).…”

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confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of Portuguese populations of the pinewood nematodeBursaphelenchus xylophilususing cytochromeband cellulase genes

et al. 2012

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Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal agent of pine wilt disease and a worldwide pest with high economic impact. Since its first diagnosis in Portugal in 1999, it has been subjected to quarantine measures with impact on forest health and ecosystem stability, significantly affecting international trade of wood products. The disease was detected in the north and centre of continental Portugal and, since 2008, the whole country has been considered an affected area. Recently, it was detected in Madeira Island. In order to avoid new outbreaks, it has become of major importance to understand the patterns of spread, introduction points and to characterize the new populations from continental Portugal and Madeira Island. Mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) and parasitic cellulase gene sequences were used to evaluate the genetic relationships among isolates that could indicate possible origins of the new outbreaks. Portuguese isolates were compared with isolates from USA, China, Japan and South Korea, in order to investigate possible infection pathways and disease spread patterns in Portugal. Phylogenetic trees based on both genes show that Portuguese isolates group with Asian isolates. Isolates from USA are in a separate position in both gene trees. However, the phylogenetic tree based on the cellulase gene sequences shows higher differentiation among Portuguese isolates than that of cytb. These results agree with those previously obtained using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR). This was the first study to use cytb and cellulase genes to characterize pinewood nematode (PWN) populations. This study suggests that cellulase is a better marker than cytb to study genetic diversity in B. xylophilus.

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Molecular characterization of Portuguese populations of the pinewood nematodeBursaphelenchus xylophilususing cytochromeband cellulase genes

et al. 2012

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“…When newly infested trees were detected in the demarcation area, the limits were redefined, and a clear-cut corridor (3-km wide), free of all tree species that could potentially host PWN, was prepared. Despite these efforts, PWN spread quickly in Pinus pinaster forests causing sudden wilt and tree death [101]. The disease is mainly spread by the movement of forest products [101] but in nature, it is also dispersed by its vector species, a beetle of the genus Monochamus [102].…”

Section: Pinewood Nematodementioning

confidence: 99%

The Natural Evolutionary Potential of Tree Populations to Cope with Newly Introduced Pests and Pathogens—Lessons Learned From Forest Health Catastrophes in Recent Decades

et al. 2016

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Emerging diseases often originate from host shifts of introduced pests or pathogens. Genetic resistance of the host to such diseases might be limited or absent due to the lack of coevolutionary history. We review six examples of major disease outbreaks on native tree species caused by different introduced pests and pathogens that led to large ecological and economical losses. In all six cases, high tree mortality was observed in natural populations with some surviving individuals exhibiting varying levels of genetic resistance. The abundance and distribution of resistant individuals and the heritability of resistance traits varies substantially among the cases. While chestnut blight wilt combined with ink disease has virtually eliminated mature Castanea dentata trees from North America, other severe emerging diseases, such as the ash dieback, have left many surviving trees and genetic variation in resistance to such diseases has been documented. We argue that the evolutionary potential of tree species to respond to new emerging diseases should not be underestimated. However, the risk of increased levels of inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity caused by low population sizes is a major concern. Maintenance of broad genetic diversity is an important issue in conservation and forestry management. We expect that future research targeting the genetic background of biotic resistance towards emerging diseases and the role of endophytic communities in protecting trees will facilitate the informed and science-based guidance required to manage and maintain forests with high resilience. International cooperation on limiting disease spread and the provision of early invasive pest or pathogen detection systems are essential.

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“…Examples include the incipient elimination of native ash from North America by the invasion from Asia of emerald ash borer (Herms and McCullough 2014;IUCN 2017); establishment of pine wilt disease in Portugal caused by an invasive nematode from North America that is vectored by native Monochamus beetles (Mota et al 1999;Vicente et al 2012); chestnut blight, introduced from Asia, which virtually extirpated chestnuts from North America and is now threatening chestnuts in Mediterranean Europe (Dutech et al 2012); and the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphylus also from Asia (Brussino et al 2002;Graziosi and Santi 2008), which is increasing the frustration of chestnut producers in Europe and contributing to the abandonment of chestnut forests that have been a source of nuts, wood, and cultural context for millennia. Pitch canker disease (Fusarium circinatum) (Wingfield et al 2008), Diplodia blight (Wingfield et al 2001), and Dothistroma needle blight (Bulman et al 2016) have become globally important fungal pathogens of pines, and many species of Phytophthora (Oomycota) are causing unprecedented damage to crops, landscape plants, forests, and other ecosystem types around the world (e.g., Phytophthora cinnamomi in southern Europe and Australia and Phytophthora ramorum in North America and Europe) (Derevnina et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forest pests and their management in the Anthropocene

Ayres

Lombardero

2018

Can. J. For. Res.

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Forest managers are facing unprecedented challenges from rapid changes in forest pests. The core causes are changes in climate, land use, and global distributions of organisms. Due to invasions and range expansions by pests, and propagation of nonnative trees, managers are increasingly confronted with pest problems outside their range of experience. There is a need to adapt pest management practices more quickly and efficiently than is possible when managers work in isolation and mainly learn by trial and error. Here we identify general tactics for adaptation of forest pest management in the Anthropocene: growth and application of practical theory; improved biosecurity against future invasions; improved monitoring, prediction, and mitigation; increased sharing of knowledge among regions, countries, and continents; management plans that anticipate continuing change; improved assessment of costs, benefits, and risks of possible responses to new potential pests; assessment of system responses to pest management decisions so that subsequent decisions are increasingly better informed; and improved understanding of the couplings between forests, forest management, and socioeconomic systems. Examples of success in forest management can aid in other sectors (e.g., agriculture, pastoralism, fisheries, and water resources) that are similarly important to our environmental security and similarly challenged by global change.Key words: adaptive management, Anthropocene, climate change, forest pests, forest management. Résumé :Les aménagistes forestiers font face à des défis sans précédent à cause des changements rapides chez les ravageurs forestiers. Les principales causes sont les changements climatiques, l'utilisation des terres et la distribution mondiale des organismes. À cause de l'invasion et de l'expansion de l'aire de répartition des ravageurs ainsi que de la propagation des espèces d'arbres exotiques, les gestionnaires sont de plus en plus confrontés à des problèmes phytosanitaires auxquels ils ne sont pas habitués. On doit adapter les pratiques de gestion des ravageurs plus rapidement et efficacement qu'il est possible de le faire lorsque les gestionnaires travaillent encore en vase clos et apprennent surtout par essais et erreurs. Dans cet article, nous identifions des tactiques générales pour adapter la gestion des ravageurs forestiers dans à l'ère de l'anthropocène : croissance et application de la théorie applicable; meilleure biosécurité face aux invasions futures; amélioration du suivi, des prévisions et des mesures d'atténuation; augmentation du partage des connaissances entre les régions, les pays et les continents; plans d'aménagement qui anticipent le changement continu; meilleure évaluation des coûts, des bénéfices et des risques des réactions possibles face aux nouveaux ravageurs potentiels; évaluation des réactions du système aux décisions de gestion des ravageurs de telle sorte que les décisions ultérieures soient de mieux en mieux éclairées; et meilleure compréhension des relations entre le...

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Pine Wilt Disease: a threat to European forestry

Cited by 197 publications

References 80 publications

Molecular characterization of Portuguese populations of the pinewood nematodeBursaphelenchus xylophilususing cytochromeband cellulase genes

Molecular characterization of Portuguese populations of the pinewood nematodeBursaphelenchus xylophilususing cytochromeband cellulase genes

The Natural Evolutionary Potential of Tree Populations to Cope with Newly Introduced Pests and Pathogens—Lessons Learned From Forest Health Catastrophes in Recent Decades

Forest pests and their management in the Anthropocene

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