Development and Optimization of Reactivation Techniques for Carbamate-Inhibited Brain and Plasma Cholinesterases in Birds and Mammals

Hunt, Katherine A.; Hooper, Michael J.

doi:10.1006/abio.1993.1338

Cited by 28 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…To protect populations of developing countries from adverse health effects, policy debates have concentrated on safe-use strategies (e.g., adequate agricultural practices, training, improvement of registration process, control of exportation of hazardous substances), and chemical risk assessment by regulatory agencies (2; 5; 6; 7, pp. [118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Agricultural Pesticide Use in Developing Countries: Health Effects and Research Needs

Wesseling¹,

McConnell²,

Partanen³

et al. 1997

Int J Health Serv

175

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Large worker populations in the Third World are exposed to increasing amounts of pesticides, including pesticides severely restricted and banned in industrialized countries. Studies on knowledge, attitudes, and practices indicate that unsafe use of pesticides is the rule in Third World countries. Surveys of acute poisonings show high rates in these countries, despite underregistration. The scarce studies on chronic health outcomes demonstrate neurotoxic, reproductive, and dermatologic effects. Exposure assessment consists mainly of cholinesterase testing, and few studies have quantified dermal and respiratory exposure. The few intervention studies demonstrate the need for evaluation of the impact of preventive measures and policies. There is no evidence that widespread "safe-use" programs have greatly affected exposure and morbidity. It was concluded that research should focus on simple methods for surveillance of exposure and on surveillance of acute illness and its causes in order to develop and evaluate rapid local interventions. Studies on chronic effects should be carried out in selected countries, aiming at long-term and broader interventions. Policies that promote the use of pesticides should be critically evaluated. North-South and South-South research collaborations must be encouraged to address this global health problem.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Agricultural Pesticide Use in Developing Countries: Health Effects and Research Needs

Wesseling¹,

McConnell²,

Partanen³

et al. 1997

Int J Health Serv

175

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“…But in a study monitoring 44 radio‐tagged wintering mountain plovers, the average minimum distance moved was 1.7 ± 1.42 km/d, suggesting strong site fidelity to selected wintering areas [18]. Also, the use of spontaneous reactivation techniques that allow each sample to be used as its own control (thereby allowing use of all ChE measures as both control and experimental sample populations) [29,30] should have eliminated these confounding factors in the laboratory analyses and detected a significant inhibition in plovers from the Carrizo Plain if they had been exposed to ChE‐inhibiting chemicals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Activity of phosphorylated ChE can be increased by the addition of 2‐PAM, allowing for reactivation of ChE activity, ideally to normal levels, after OP exposure [4]. Spontaneous reactivation techniques for CB exposure [29] provide a reliable means of obtaining pre‐exposure data on ChE activity without the need of relying on reference data [29,30]. Procedures were conducted according to Stansley [4] and Hooper et al [5].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma cholinesterase levels of mountain plovers (Charadrius montanus) wintering in central California, USA

Iko

Archuleta

Knopf

2003

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Declines of over 60% in mountain plover (Charadrius montanus) populations over the past 30 years have made it a species of concern throughout its current range and a proposed species for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Wintering mountain plovers spend considerable time on freshly plowed agricultural fields where they may potentially be exposed to anticholinesterase pesticides. Because of the population status and wintering ecology of plovers, the objectives of our study were to use nondestructive methods to report baseline plasma cholinesterase (ChE) levels in free-ranging mountain plovers wintering in California, USA, and to assess whether sampled birds showed signs of ChE inhibition related to anticholinesterase chemical exposure. We compared plasma ChE activity for mountain plovers sampled from the Carrizo Plain (an area relatively free of anticholinesterase pesticide use) with similar measures for plovers from the Central Valley (where anticholinesterase pesticides are widely used). Analyses for ChE inhibition indicated that none of the plovers had been recently exposed to these chemicals. However, mean ChE levels of plovers from the Central Valley were significantly higher (32%) than levels reported for plovers from the Carrizo Plain. This result differs from our original assumption of higher exposure risk to mountain plovers in the Central Valley but does suggest that some effect is occurring in the ChE activity of mountain plovers wintering in California.

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“…Excess of free inhibitor in the reactivation procedure could be another significant factor to limit the reactivation potency of 2-PAM. To avoid this interference factor, many authors have developed multiple separating techniques to remove excess of the OP such as dialysis (Worek et al 2004), gel permeation chromatography (Hovanec and Lieske 1972), solid-phase extraction (Hunt and Hooper 1993), or centrifuge filtration (Wheelock et al 2006). These removing procedures are justified when an excess of the inhibitor is added to the incubation medium to guarantee the full inhibition of ChE activity, although these techniques have the risk for ChE aging or spontaneous reactivation during OP removal.…”

Section: Impact Of Confounding Variables On Esterase Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma esterases in the tegu lizard Tupinambis merianae (Reptilia, Teiidae): impact of developmental stage, sex, and organophosphorus in vitro exposure

Bassó¹,

Attademo

Peltzer

et al. 2011

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Development and Optimization of Reactivation Techniques for Carbamate-Inhibited Brain and Plasma Cholinesterases in Birds and Mammals

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Agricultural Pesticide Use in Developing Countries: Health Effects and Research Needs

Agricultural Pesticide Use in Developing Countries: Health Effects and Research Needs

Plasma cholinesterase levels of mountain plovers (Charadrius montanus) wintering in central California, USA

Plasma esterases in the tegu lizard Tupinambis merianae (Reptilia, Teiidae): impact of developmental stage, sex, and organophosphorus in vitro exposure

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