Development and Optimization of Cinnamon Oil Nanoemulgel for Enhancement of Solubility and Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antifungal and Analgesic Effects against Oral Microbiota

Abstract

Oral health is a key contributor to a person’s overall health and well-being. Oral microbiota can pose a serious threat to oral health. Thus, the present study aimed to develop a cinnamon oil (CO)-loaded nanoemulsion gel (NEG1) to enhance the solubilization of oil within the oral cavity, which will enhance its antibacterial, antifungal, and analgesic actions against oral microbiota. For this purpose, the CO-loaded nanoemulsion (CO-NE) was optimized using I-optimal response surface design. A mixture of Pluracare L44 and PlurolOleique CC 497 was used as the surfactant and Capryol was used as the co-surfactant. The optimized CO-NE had a globule size of 92 ± 3 nm, stability index of 95% ± 2%, and a zone of inhibition of 23 ± 1.5 mm. This optimized CO-NE formulation was converted into NEG1 using 2.5% hydroxypropyl cellulose as the gelling agent. The rheological characterizations revealed that the NEG1 formulation exhibited pseudoplastic behavior. The in vitro release of eugenol (the marker molecule for CO) from NEG1 showed an enhanced release compared with that of pure CO. The ex vivo mucosal permeation was found to be highest for NEG1 compared to the aqueous dispersion of CO-NE and pure cinnamon oil. The latency reaction time during the hot-plate test in rats was highest (45 min) for the NEG1 sample at all-time points compared with those of the other tested formulations. The results showed that the CO-NEG formulation could be beneficial in enhancing the actions of CO against oral microbiota, as well as relieving pain and improving overall oral health.

Repurposing Lovastatin Cytotoxicity against the Tongue Carcinoma HSC3 Cell Line Using a Eucalyptus Oil-Based Nanoemulgel Carrier

“…The instantaneous emulsification capacity and clarity of the prepared LV-Eu-SNEDDS were used to assess the NE efficiency via visual inspection [ 30 ].…”

“…enzymatic degradation, (3) promoting drug loading, solubility, and pharmacokinetic features, (4) diminishing interpatient and intrapatient variations, and (5) controlling the release of studied drugs [30,31].…”

“…NEs have several traits not found in classic emulsions that make them exemplary candidates for drug delivery. Such merits include (1) delivering a drug to a target site with reasonable precision due to a minute droplet size, which can affect a large surface area, (2) protecting active agents from hydrolysis or enzymatic degradation, (3) promoting drug loading, solubility, and pharmacokinetic features, (4) diminishing interpatient and intrapatient variations, and (5) controlling the release of studied drugs [30,31].…”

Utilization of a nanostructured lipid carrier encapsulating pitavastatin– Pinus densiflora oil for enhancing cytotoxicity against the gingival carcinoma HGF-1 cell line

“…One milliliter of each lyophilized sample – which was first reconstituted with 5 mL double distilled water – was diluted with 9 mL of distilled water and agitated for 3 min. Then, 1 mL of each diluted sample was used to determine the particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) of each NLCs formulation (Hosny KM et al., 2021 ).…”

A review on various plant-derived nanoemulgels and their applications

“…The in vitro release of eugenol, from nanoemulgel, showed an enhanced release compared with that of pure CO. The studies finally revealed that the ex vivo mucosal permeation was found to be highest for nanoemulgel compared to the aqueous dispersion of cinnamon oil nanoemulsion and pure cinnamon oil [24].…”