Development and in-house validation of a liquid chromatography–electrospray–tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of Sudan I, Sudan II, Sudan III and Sudan IV in hot chilli products

Calbiani, Francesca; Careri, Maria; Elviri, Lisa; Mangia, Alessandro; L, Pistarà; Zagnoni, Ingrid

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2004.05.027

Cited by 200 publications

(125 citation statements)

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“…These problems include significant differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora and the difficulty in separating the metabolism of microbes from that of animals (15). The recent detection of Sudan dyes in various food commodities requires toxicological evaluation by regulatory agencies to determine the impact of these Sudan dyes on human health (4,11,16,22,23). Our investigation provides evidence for the importance of the human intestinal microflora in Sudan dye metabolism.…”

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confidence: 79%

“…Ingested azo dyes are mainly metabolized by intestinal microflora to colorless aromatic amines by NAD(P)Hdependent azoreductases (5-9, 14, 17). There has been concern about contamination of hot chili, other spices, and baked foods with 1-amino-2-naphthol-based azo dyes (Sudan I, II, III, and IV and Para Red) (4,16,23). There is evidence that Sudan dyes have genotoxic effects (1,(18)(19)(20) and that ingestion of food products contaminated with Sudan I, II, III, and IV and Para Red could lead to exposure in the human gastrointestinal tract.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Anaerobic Metabolism of 1-Amino-2-Naphthol-Based Azo Dyes (Sudan Dyes) by Human Intestinal Microflora

Heinze

Chen

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The rates of metabolism of Sudan I and II and Para Red by human intestinal microflora were high compared to those of Sudan III and IV under anaerobic conditions. Metabolites of the dyes were identified as aniline, 2,4-dimethylaniline, o-toluidine, and 4-nitroaniline through high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analyses. These data indicate that human intestinal bacteria are able to reduce Sudan dyes to form potentially carcinogenic aromatic amines.Human exposure to azo dyes occurs through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. The human skin and gastrointestinal tract harbor a complex and diverse microflora composed of at least several thousand species (10,12). This microflora also plays roles in the degradation of azo dyes, with azo reduction being the most important reaction related to toxicity and mutagenicity (9, 21). Ingested azo dyes are mainly metabolized by intestinal microflora to colorless aromatic amines by NAD(P)Hdependent azoreductases (5-9, 14, 17). There has been concern about contamination of hot chili, other spices, and baked foods with 1-amino-2-naphthol-based azo dyes (Sudan I, II, III, and IV and Para Red) (4,16,23). There is evidence that Sudan dyes have genotoxic effects (1,(18)(19)(20) and that ingestion of food products contaminated with Sudan I, II, III, and IV and Para Red could lead to exposure in the human gastrointestinal tract. Although azo dyes can be reduced by the mammalian liver to form aromatic amines, it has been suggested that intestinal microflora could be primarily responsible for the in vivo reduction of azo dyes (5, 9). Besides a few studies related to the metabolism of Sudan I in rats and rabbits, no reports regarding the metabolism of other Sudan dyes by the intestinal microflora have been published. In addition, attempts to isolate potential toxic metabolites, such as aromatic amines, of any of the Sudan dyes are limited (5, 9). Moreover, there are potential problems in translating the results obtained with animal models to humans. These problems include significant differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora and the difficulty in separating the metabolism of microbes from that of animals (15). The recent detection of Sudan dyes in various food commodities requires toxicological evaluation by regulatory agencies to determine the impact of these Sudan dyes on human health (4,11,16,22,23). Our investigation provides evidence for the importance of the human intestinal microflora in Sudan dye metabolism. In this study, we demonstrated that Sudan dyes were metabolized to potentially carcinogenic aromatic amines by intestinal microorganisms. Time course of Sudan dye degradation.The potential for growth-linked decolorization of Sudan dyes by the intestinal microflora was investigated with a time course experiment. Stock solutions of Sudan I, II, III, and IV were made by dissolving each dye in 100% ethanol (1 mg/ml); that for Para Red was made by dissolving the dye in dimethyl sulfoxi...

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confidence: 79%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaerobic Metabolism of 1-Amino-2-Naphthol-Based Azo Dyes (Sudan Dyes) by Human Intestinal Microflora

Heinze

Chen

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…In the last 5 years several analytical methods based on GC [10], LC [11,12], or CE [13] have been reported in the literature. However, except when very expensive HPLC-MS/MS instrumentation is used [14,15], the direct detection of the target analytes in complex food matrices is a difficult task, and some sample clean-up treatment is mandatory before performing the analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of banned Sudan dyes in food samples by molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction‐high performance liquid chromatography

Baggiani¹,

Anfossi

Baravalle

et al. 2009

J of Separation Science

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Original PaperDetermination of banned Sudan dyes in food samples by molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography A method for molecularly imprinted SPE of banned Sudan azo-dyes from food samples was investigated. The molecularly imprinted polymer was obtained by suspension polymerization using 1-(4-chlorophenyl)azonaphthalen-2-ol as the mimic template. The molecular recognition properties of imprinted beads were evaluated for use as a SPE sorbent, in order to develop a selective extraction protocol for the Sudan class of dyes. The optimized extraction protocol resulted in a reliable molecularly imprinted SPE (MISPE) method suitable for HPLC analysis. It was selective for the main analyte, Sudan I, and the related azo-dyes Sudan II, III, IV, Sudan Red B, and Sudan Red 7B, while the permitted azo-dyes Allura Red AC, Neococcin, and Sunset Yellow FCF were not extracted. The method was tested for Sudan I, II, III, and IV in five different food samples (hot chilli pepper, hot chilli tomato sauce, sausage, tomato sauce, and hard boiled egg yolk) at three concentration levels (15, 100, and 300 lg/g). It demonstrated itself to be insensitive to the presence of different complex matrices, precise, accurate, and with good recovery rates (85 -101%). The LOD and LOQ were satisfactory for most analytical determinations.

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“…As reported in the literature, a majority of methods which had been employed for the simultaneous determination of four Sudan dyes were based on LC or HPLC with all kinds of detectors such as ESI-MS/MS [7], ESI tandem quadrupole orthogonal-acceleration TOF MS [8], variable wavelength UV detector [9], and photodiode array detection [10]. However, the current most interesting techniques in microseparation field such as CEC, CE, and other microcolumn electroseparation methods have not yet been successfully applied for the simultaneous analysis of these four Sudan dyes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a new method for analysis of Sudan dyes by pressurized CEC with amperometric detection

Liu¹,

Zhang²,

Lin³

et al. 2007

Electrophoresis

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A new analytical method, pressurized CEC (pCEC) with amperometric detection (AD) using 1.5 mm RP nonporous silica packed columns has been developed for the rapid separation and determination of four Sudan dyes in hot chilli. The influence of several experimental parameters on the retention behavior has been investigated. The electrochemical oxidation of Sudans I-IV separated by pCEC can be reliably monitored with a carbon electrode at 10.95 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Fast and efficient separation of the analytes was achieved within 7 min by pCEC under the optimum conditions with an ACN/water (95:5%) mobile phase containing formic acid (pH 4.3), 5% acetone and 0.002% triethylamine using a separation voltage of 12 kV. The detection limits for four Sudan dyes ranged from 8.0 6 10 27 to 1.2 6 10 26 mol/L. To evaluate the feasibility and reliability of this method, the proposed pCEC-AD method was further demonstrated with hot chilli samples spiked with Sudan dyes.

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Development and in-house validation of a liquid chromatography–electrospray–tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of Sudan I, Sudan II, Sudan III and Sudan IV in hot chilli products

Cited by 200 publications

References 4 publications

Anaerobic Metabolism of 1-Amino-2-Naphthol-Based Azo Dyes (Sudan Dyes) by Human Intestinal Microflora

Anaerobic Metabolism of 1-Amino-2-Naphthol-Based Azo Dyes (Sudan Dyes) by Human Intestinal Microflora

Determination of banned Sudan dyes in food samples by molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction‐high performance liquid chromatography

Development of a new method for analysis of Sudan dyes by pressurized CEC with amperometric detection

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