Determination of banned Sudan dyes in food samples by molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction‐high performance liquid chromatography

Abstract

Original PaperDetermination of banned Sudan dyes in food samples by molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography A method for molecularly imprinted SPE of banned Sudan azo-dyes from food samples was investigated. The molecularly imprinted polymer was obtained by suspension polymerization using 1-(4-chlorophenyl)azonaphthalen-2-ol as the mimic template. The molecular recognition properties of imprinted beads were evaluated for use as a SPE sorbent, in order to develop a selective extraction protocol for the Sudan class of dyes. The optimized extraction protocol resulted in a reliable molecularly imprinted SPE (MISPE) method suitable for HPLC analysis. It was selective for the main analyte, Sudan I, and the related azo-dyes Sudan II, III, IV, Sudan Red B, and Sudan Red 7B, while the permitted azo-dyes Allura Red AC, Neococcin, and Sunset Yellow FCF were not extracted. The method was tested for Sudan I, II, III, and IV in five different food samples (hot chilli pepper, hot chilli tomato sauce, sausage, tomato sauce, and hard boiled egg yolk) at three concentration levels (15, 100, and 300 lg/g). It demonstrated itself to be insensitive to the presence of different complex matrices, precise, accurate, and with good recovery rates (85 -101%). The LOD and LOQ were satisfactory for most analytical determinations.

Simultaneous Determination of Four Sudan Dyes in Egg Yolks by Molecularly Imprinted SPE Coupled with LC-UV Detection

“…The application of MIP as SPE sorbents was desired to eliminate the interferences of sample matrix and get the cleaner extracts than traditional SPE, which resulted in a more selective and reliable analytical protocol [28][29][30]. In recent years, the MIP prepared by using one kind of Sudan dye (most frequently Sudan I) as template had been applied as SPE sorbents to extract Sudan dyes from food samples [31,32]. However, there always template leaking were observed for actual sample application which affected the results of quantitative analysis.…”

Application of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detector for Simultaneous Determination of 11 Synthetic Dyes in Selected Beverages and Foodstuffs

“…Selection of proper extraction technique depends on the kind of sample matrix and is also strictly connected with analytical technique that will be used to determinate the food dyes (Kucharska and Grabka 2010). Due to its advantages, like simplicity and rapidity, solid-phase extraction (SPE) is the most commonly used technique to concentrate and purify these target compounds (Tuzimski and Woźniak 2008;Baggiani et al 2009;Tuzimski 2011;Yan et al 2012;Chen et al 2013;Li et al 2014;Qi et al 2015;Yamjala et al 2016). However, in case of solid food samples, dyes ought to be extracted prior to SPE into appropriate solvent-media.…”

Synthesis of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer strategy and its application in the Sudan dyes residue analysis

“…Therefore, their presence is prohibited in foods for any purpose at any level, according to both the Food Standards Agency and European Union [24,25]. Unfortunately, they are still illegally used as food additives to enhance the appearance of natural red hues [26,27]. Thus, a sensitive and faster method for the identification and quantification of such Sudan dyes in foods is required urgently.…”