Application of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detector for Simultaneous Determination of 11 Synthetic Dyes in Selected Beverages and Foodstuffs

Abstract

A simple, inexpensive and robust high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (HPC-DAD) procedures are proposed to analyse food dyes in beverages, hard candy and fish roe samples. An ether-linked phenyl stationary phase provides sufficient selectivity and chromatographic performance for separation of 11 sulfonated azo dyes. Beverage samples were only diluted (and degassed when needed) before analysis. Solidphase extraction (SPE) or matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) procedures are proposed for efficient extraction of the analytes from candies or fish roe samples, respectively. Limits of detection (LODs) were from 0.005 to 0.013 μg mL −1 and limits of quantification (LOQs) between 0.014 and 0.038 μg mL −1. HPLC-DAD method was validated in terms of intra-and inter-day accuracy and precision at three concentration levels 2, 1, and 0.1 μg mL −1. Validation was also performed for SPE and MSPD extraction procedures including intra-and inter-day accuracy (Recovery %) and precision (RSD%), as well as intralaboratory reproducibility. Application to analysis of beverages and food samples available to consumers proved that described methods are suitable for the routine analysis of dyes in food products.

A Comparative Study of Advanced Stationary Phases for Fast Liquid Chromatography Separation of Synthetic Food Colorants

“…Applying fast chromatography approach of advanced technology of column packing material provided reduction of back pressure and fastening the separation. We achieved significant shortening of analysis of eight colorants in comparison with previously published methods [17,18,19,20,23]. One work published separation of eight colorants using core-shell column in time less than six min [29].…”

“…After appropriate pre-extraction and clean-up, it is a very common and versatile method for simultaneous determination of numerous colourings in complex food matrices. Despite of some recent interesting applications [16], thin-layer chromatography has been almost superseded by liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) [17,18,19,20,21,22,23], similarly very fast and simple method of sequential injection chromatography has been reported [24]. Nowadays, in many cases mass spectrometry detection with mass confirmation has been involved [25,26].…”

An overview of chemical contaminants and other undesirable chemicals in alcoholic beverages and strategies for analysis

“…QuEChERS or modified QuEChERS are also employed for analyzing agricultural contaminants and acrylamide in beer and wine (Bogdanova et al., 2018; He et al., 2019), as well as techniques such as dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) for phthalates in wine (Fan, Liu, & Xie, 2014). Direct injection or injection after minimal preparation is also possible and has been done in beer, wine, and liquors, for multiple contaminant types (Akıllıoglu et al., 2011; Barbaste, Medina, & Perez‐Trujillo, 2003; Masson et al., 2012; Nagatomi et al., 2012; Pereira et al., 2011; Rejczak & Tuzimski, 2017; Shimizu et al., 2001; Stachova et al., 2016; Stärker & Welle, 2019; Xie et al., 2015). For the analysis of mycotoxins in beer or wine, immunoaffinity columns can be used for cleanup (Bryła, Ksieniewicz‐Woźniak, Waśkiewicz, Szymczyk, & Jędrzejczak, 2018; Di Stefano et al., 2015; Mably et al., 2005; Nigussie, Bekele, Fekadu Gemede, & Zewdu Woldegiorgis, 2018).…”

“…LC is often coupled with MS (He et al., 2019; Klejdus et al., 2006; Sagratini et al., 2008), but may also utilize other detectors such as diode array detectors (DAD) (Fan et al., 2014; Stachova et al., 2016) or fluorescence detectors (García‐Falcón & Simal‐Gándara, 2005); this has largely been seen for mycotoxin analysis in beer and wines (Bryła et al., 2018; Di Stefano et al., 2015; Mably et al., 2005; Nigussie et al., 2018; Nistor et al., 2017), and has also been used for HMF and related compounds (Akıllıoglu et al., 2011; Masson et al., 2012; Pereira et al., 2011; Shimizu et al., 2001), migration contaminants (Fan et al., 2014; Xie et al., 2015), and colorants (Rejczak & Tuzimski, 2017; Stachova et al., 2016). For pesticides, nitrogen–phosphorus detectors (NPD) can be used, which has been demonstrated in wine (Cabras et al., 1999; Słowik‐Borowiec & Szpyrka, 2018).…”

Application of quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry in rapid screening and identification of synthetic dyes in herbal medicines

“…Various analytical techniques have been reported to determine synthetic dyes. These techniques include thin layer chromatography (TLC), [2][3][4] electrochemistry, [5][6][7] immunoassay, 8,9 capillary electrophoresis, 10,11 spectrophotometry, 12 ion-pair chromatography, 13 surfaceenhanced Raman scattering (SERS), 14 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 15 Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) transmission spectroscopy, 16 ion mobility spectrometry, 17,18 high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet/visible (UV/ Vis) or diode-array detectors (DAD), 19,20 and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). 21,22 In addition, several methods using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) with time-of-flight (TOF) have been applied in determinination of synthetic dyes.…”