Development and evaluation of swine vesicular disease isotype‐specific antibody ELISAs based on recombinant virus‐like particles

Abstract

Swine vesicular disease (SVD) is a contagious viral disease of pigs. The clinical signs of SVD are indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases, such as senecavirus A infection (SVA) and foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD). Rapid and accurate diagnostic tests of SVD are considered essential in countries free of vesicular diseases. Competitive ELISA (cELISA) is the serological test used routinely. However, although cELISA is the standard test for SVD antibody testing, this test produces a small number of false‐positive results, which caused problems in international trade. The current project developed a SVD isotype antibody ELISA using recombinant SVD virus‐like particles (VLP) and an SVD‐specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) to reduce the percentage of false positives. The diagnostic specificities of SVD‐VLP isotype ELISAs were 98.7% and 99.6% for IgM and IgG. The SVD isotype ELISAs were SVD‐specific, without cross‐reactivity to other vesicular diseases. A panel of 16 SVD‐positive reference sera was evaluated using the SVD‐VLP isotype ELISAs. All sera were correctly identified as positive by the two combined SVD‐VLP isotype ELISAs. Comparison of the test results showed a high level of correlation between the SVDV antigen isotype ELISAs and SVD‐VLP isotype ELISAs. 303 sera from animals lacking clinical signs and history of SVDV exposure were identified positive using SVD cELISA. These samples were examined using SVD‐VLP isotype ELISAs. Of the 303 serum samples, five were positive for IgM, and five of 303 were positive for IgG. Comparable to virus neutralization test results, SVD isotype ELISAs significantly reduced the false‐positive samples. Based on above test results, the combined use of cELISA and isotype ELISAs can reduce the number of false‐positive samples and the use of time‐consuming virus neutralization tests, with benefit for international trade in swine and related products.

Transboundary Animal Diseases, an Overview of 17 Diseases with Potential for Global Spread and Serious Consequences

“…Due to the similarity to other vesicular diseases, laboratory-based diagnostics are crucial for control and identification. However, commonly used serological tests can produce false negatives and researchers are working toward developing more reliable tests [632,633]. The majority of laboratory research is aimed at diagnostics [632] and understanding environmental persistence [630].…”

“…However, commonly used serological tests can produce false negatives and researchers are working toward developing more reliable tests [632,633]. The majority of laboratory research is aimed at diagnostics [632] and understanding environmental persistence [630]. In vitro cell based assays, aimed at understanding basic virus biology such as cell entry and spread [634][635][636], are more common than animal modeling.…”

Hybridization-driven fluorometric platform based on metal-organic frameworks for the identification of the highly homologous viruses

“…Viral contamination of agricultural products can easily lead to various diseases. Some diseases have very similar biological characteristics [ [1] , [2] ], but may be caused by different members of a given viral family, such as pneumonia [ [3] , [4] ] caused by SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 and hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus ev71 or coxsackie virus [ 5 ]. If it isn’t distinguished which virus causes this disease, it is impossible to select appropriate therapies to personalize the treatments for patients.…”

Pathogenesis and control of Senecavirus A in swine

“…Pigs challenged with coxsackie B virus did not develop clinical disease but did have a transient neutralizing response (182). SVDV along with VSV used to be OIE List A notifiable diseases but were de-listed in 2014 (183).…”