Development and Design of Reactors in Microwave‐Assisted Chemistry

Ondruschka, Bernd; Bonrath, Werner; Stuerga, D.

doi:10.1002/9783527651313.ch2

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…The MW generates pockets of high energy and low energy as the moving wave either reinforces or cancels. This leads to the presence of high-energy fields, low-energy fields, and a point where the amount of energy is equal to zero, called the node [20].…”

Section: Microwave and Chemistry: Background Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis: Can Transition Metal Complexes Take Advantage of This “Green” Method?

Gabano

Ravera

2022

Molecules

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Microwave-assisted synthesis is considered environmental-friendly and, therefore, in agreement with the principles of green chemistry. This form of energy has been employed extensively and successfully in organic synthesis also in the case of metal-catalyzed synthetic procedures. However, it has been less widely exploited in the synthesis of metal complexes. As microwave irradiation has been proving its utility as both a time-saving procedure and an alternative way to carry on tricky transformations, its use can help inorganic chemists, too. This review focuses on the use of microwave irradiation in the preparation of transition metal complexes and organometallic compounds and also includes new, unpublished results. The syntheses of the compounds are described following the group of the periodic table to which the contained metal belongs. A general overview of the results from over 150 papers points out that microwaves can be a useful synthetic tool for inorganic chemists, reducing dramatically the reaction times with respect to traditional heating. This is often accompanied by a more limited risk of decomposition of reagents or products by an increase in yield, purity, and (sometimes) selectivity. In any case, thermal control is operative, whereas nonthermal or specific microwave effects seem to be absent.

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Section: Microwave and Chemistry: Background Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis: Can Transition Metal Complexes Take Advantage of This “Green” Method?

Gabano

Ravera

2022

Molecules

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“…However, the advantage of the single-mode cavities, compared to multimode ones, is that higher electromagnetic field densities can be developed inside the cavity and thus higher heating rates. Although the electromagnetic field pattern is well defined inside an empty single-mode cavity, it may change drastically in the presence of the heated material inside the cavity ( Ondruschka et al 2012).…”

Section: Basic Microwave Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A helicopter view of microwave application to chemical processes: reactions, separations, and equipment concepts

Stefanidis

Muñoz

Sturm

et al. 2014

Reviews in Chemical Engineering

100

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We present a helicopter view of microwave technology application to various reaction and separation processes, including liquid-phase organic syntheses, gas-solid catalytic reactions, polymerizations, extraction, distillation, crystallization, membrane separation, and adsorbent regeneration/dehydration. The overarching aim is to demonstrate the breadth of potential applications of microwave technology to chemical industry, with particular attention to separations, as this is a less explored microwave application area. In this context, some key findings, opinions, and developments in the relevant literature are summarized. In addition, the present microwave equipment concepts for chemical processes are critically reviewed and new ones are put forward, as we believe that an important milestone in the road from laboratory-scale microwave experimentation to industrial-scale microwave-assisted chemical processing is the design and development of innovative microwave equipment concepts tailored for specific chemical processes.

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“…Usually, the microwave-assisted heterogeneous reactions, as well as preparation of catalysts and nanoparticles involve some liquid phase (solvents). For this reason, the average temperature of the system should not exceed 300 °C [12,13]; moreover, most of the commercial laboratory microwave systems have operating limitations for higher temperatures [14]. Under these conditions, microwave heating may only result in a reduction of the catalyst precursor and immobilization of the catalytic particles on the support, but not in the modification of the support.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Study of the Behavior of Different Metal and Metal-Containing Particles under the Microwave Irradiation and Transformation of Nanoscale and Microscale Morphology

et al. 2018

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In recent years, the application of microwave (MW) irradiation has played an increasingly important role in the synthesis and development of high performance nanoscale catalytic systems. However, the interaction of microwave irradiation with solid catalytic materials and nanosized structures remains a poorly studied topic. In this paper we carried out a systematic study of changes in morphology under the influence of microwave irradiation on nanoscale particles of various metals and composite particles, including oxides, carbides, and neat metal systems. All systems were studied in the native solid form without a solvent added. Intensive absorption of microwave radiation was observed for many samples, which in turn resulted in strong heating of the samples and changes in their chemical structure and morphology. A comparison of two very popular catalytic materials—metal particles (M) and supported metal on carbon (M/C) systems—revealed a principal difference in their behavior under microwave irradiation. The presence of carbon support influences the heating mechanism; the interaction of substances with the support during the heating is largely determined by heat transfer from the carbon. Etching of the carbon surface, involving the formation of trenches and pits on the surface of the carbon support, were observed for various types of the investigated nanoparticles.

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Development and Design of Reactors in Microwave‐Assisted Chemistry

Cited by 6 publications

References 133 publications

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis: Can Transition Metal Complexes Take Advantage of This “Green” Method?

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis: Can Transition Metal Complexes Take Advantage of This “Green” Method?

A helicopter view of microwave application to chemical processes: reactions, separations, and equipment concepts

Systematic Study of the Behavior of Different Metal and Metal-Containing Particles under the Microwave Irradiation and Transformation of Nanoscale and Microscale Morphology

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