Development and Characterization of Active Gelatin Films Loaded with Rapeseed Meal Extracts

Abstract

The use of industrial waste as a material for the development of natural innovative and active packaging is economically and environmentally appealing. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize active gelatin films incorporating rapeseed oil industry waste. Water (RM-WE) and methanolic (RM-MWE) extracts of rapeseed meal (RM) were used as active agents in film formulations. The active films were produced by a casting technique. The physicochemical, mechanical, optical, morphological, radical scavenging, and antibacterial properties of the films were analyzed. The addition of RM-WE and RM-MWE in the concentrations range between 4 and 12% promoted an increase of Young’s modulus (YM) and radical scavenging properties of films investigated by the direct QUick, Easy, New, CHEap and Reproducible procedure using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (QUENCHERDPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonic acid) (QUENCHERABTS) radicals. The antibacterial properties of films were examined against five bacterial strains: E. coli, S. enterica, M. luteus, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus. Additionally, color and opacity of the control and fortified films differed significantly. The gelatin films with RM extracts are resistant to the microbial spoilage and could be used to produce active packaging for food that is vulnerable to rancidity effects.

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“…Moreover, a significant increase in the growth of Gram-positive bacteria in the presence of extracts (G/PVA/BCCE) was seen. This is in line with our previous study where higher growth of the three Gram-positive bacterial strains was recorded in gelatin films enriched with different concentrations of water and methanolic extracts of rapeseed meal, and the growth increased with increasing concentrations of rapeseed meal extract [49].…”

“…The control film also presented antioxidant potential (QUENCHER DPPH = 70.12 µmol TE/100 g, QUENCHER ABTS = 207.08 µmol TE/100 g and QUENCHER CUPRAC = 482.57 µmol TE/100 g). Similar observations for AC of neat gelatin films were reported in our previous paper (QUENCHER DPPH = 129.42 µmol TE/100 g and QUENCHER ABTS = 133.49 µmol TE/100 g) [49] as well as by Hanani [50] (DPPH = 53%). It is known that the gelatin contains antioxidant peptides or amino acids with electron-donating properties and the ability to participate in hydrogen transfer that can terminate DPPH and ABTS radical chain reactions and reduce copper (II)-neocuproine to the highly colored copper(I)-neocuproine chelate [7].…”

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“…The opacity values were calculated as A 600 / x = −logT 600 / x , where A 600 is the absorbance at 600 nm, T 600 is the fractional transmittance at 600 nm and x is the film thickness in mm. A higher opacity value indicates that the film is less transparent [ 74 ].…”

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“…The opacity values were calculated as A 600 /x = −logT 600 /x, where A 600 is the absorbance at 600 nm, T 600 is the fractional transmittance at 600 nm and x is the film thickness in mm. A higher opacity value indicates that the film is less transparent [59].…”