Development and application of a high-speed planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging system to evaluate liquid and vapor phases of sprays from a multi-hole diesel fuel injector

Parrish, Scott; Zink, Ronald J.

doi:10.1088/0957-0233/24/2/025402

Cited by 20 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Conversely, there is less than a 10% chance of finding equivalence ratios below 0.5 within the black contours; referring to Figure 11, this is expected as the 0.1 contours correspond to the richest regions of the averaged Φ maps. The method to study planar vapor probability contours, derived from high-speed laser-induced fluorescence measurements in a vaporizing (diesel) jet, have been previously presented by Parrish and Zink, 24 but at an unknown Φ threshold. Once again for comparison, the 10% schlieren vapor probability contour is included with the green line.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative mixing measurements and stochastic variability of a vaporizing gasoline direct-injection spray

Blessinger

Manin

Skeen

et al. 2014

International Journal of Engine Research

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Spark-ignition direct-injection engines operating in a stratified, lean-burn regime offer improved engine efficiency; however, seemingly random fluctuations in stratified combustion that result in partial-burn or misfire prevent widespread implementation. Eliminating these poor combustion events requires detailed understanding of engine flow, fuel delivery, and ignition, but knowing the dominant cause is difficult because they occur simultaneously in an engine. This study investigated the variability in fuel–air mixture linked to fuel injection hardware in a near-quiescent pressure vessel at high-temperature conditions representative of late, stratified-charge injection. An eight-hole spark-ignition direct-injection spray was interrogated using high-speed schlieren and Mie-scatter imaging from multiple, simultaneous views to acquire the vapor and liquid envelopes of the spray. The mixture fraction of vaporized sections of the spray was then quantified at a plane between plumes using Rayleigh scattering. Probability contours of the line-of-sight vapor envelope showed little variability between injections, whereas probability contours derived from planar, quantitative mixing measurements exhibit greater amounts of variability for lean-combustion-limit charge. The mixture field between plumes was characterized by multi-hole and end-of-injection dynamics that attract the plumes to each other and toward the injection axis, resulting in a liquid-fuel-droplet-dense merged central jet in the planar measurements. Supplemental long-working distance microscopy imaging showed the existence of fuel droplets far downstream in the region of the planar laser measurements.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative mixing measurements and stochastic variability of a vaporizing gasoline direct-injection spray

Blessinger

Manin

Skeen

et al. 2014

International Journal of Engine Research

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“…To better understand these nuanced effects, mixing field measurements using planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) or laser induced exciplex fluorescence (LIEF) are planned as part of future work (Parrish and Zink, 2012;Fansler and Parrish, 2014;Chen et al, 2019;Feng et al, 2021).…”

Section: Vapor Penetrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Reacting Spray Characteristics of Gasoline and Diesel With a Heavy-Duty Single-Hole Injector

et al. 2022

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Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) is a promising combustion technology that could help alleviate the projected demand for diesel in commercial transport while providing a pathway to achieve upcoming CO2 and criteria pollutant regulations for heavy-duty engines. However, relatively high (i.e., diesel-like) injection pressures are needed to enable GCI across the entire load range while maintaining soot emissions benefits and managing heat release rates. There have only been a limited number of previous studies investigating the spray characteristics of light distillates with high-pressure direct-injection hardware under charge gas conditions relevant to heavy-duty applications. The current work aims to address this issue while providing experimental data needed for calibrating spray models used in simulation-led design activities. The non-reacting spray characteristics of two gasoline-like fuels relevant to GCI were studied and compared to ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD). These fuels shared similar physical properties and were thus differentiated based on their research octane number (RON). Although RON60 and RON92 had different reactivities, it was hypothesized that they would exhibit similar non-reacting spray characteristics due to their physical similarities. Experiments were conducted in an optically accessible, constant volume combustion chamber using a single-hole injector representing high-pressure, common-rail fuel systems. Shadowgraph and Mie-scattering techniques were employed to measure the spray dispersion angles and penetration lengths under both non-vaporizing and vaporizing conditions. Gasoline-like fuels exhibited similar or larger non-vaporizing dispersion angle compared to ULSD. All fuels followed a typical correlation based on air-to-fuel density ratio indicating that liquid density is the main governing fuel parameter. Injection pressure had a negligible effect on the dispersion angle. Gasoline-like fuels had slower non-vaporizing penetration rates compared to ULSD, primarily due to their larger dispersion angles. As evidenced by the collapse of data onto a non-dimensional penetration correlation over a wide range of test conditions, all fuels conformed to the expected physical theory governing non-vaporizing sprays. There was no significant trend in the vaporizing dispersion angle with respect to fuel type which remained relatively constant across the entire charge gas temperature range of 800–1200 K. There was also no discernable difference in vapor penetration among the fuels or across charge temperature. The liquid length of gasoline-like fuels was much shorter than ULSD and exhibited no dependence on charge temperature at a given charge gas pressure. This behavior was attributed to gasoline being limited by interphase transport as opposed to mixing or air entrainment rates during its evaporation process. RON92 had a larger non-vaporizing dispersion angle but similar penetration compared to RON60. Although this seems to violate the original similarity hypothesis for these fuels, the analysis was made difficult due to the use of different injector builds for the experiments. However, RON92 did show a slightly larger vapor dispersion angle than RON60 and ULSD. This observation was attributed to nuanced volatility differences between the gasoline-like fuels and indicates that vapor dispersion angle likely relies on a more complex correlation beyond that of only air-to-fuel density ratio. Finally, RON92 showed the same quantitative liquid length and insensitivity to charge gas temperature as RON60.

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“…Fansler et al [224] applied laser induced exciplex fluorescence (LIEF) to the spray flow. LIF is most often applied for measurements associated with spray flow [81,225,226]. Zhang et al [227] used LIEF to measure the temperature of a droplet.…”

Section: Microscale Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle-based temperature measurement coupled with velocity measurement

Someya

2020

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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This review article focuses on the simultaneous particle-based measurement of velocity and temperature. The thermographic PIV with phosphor particles is included in the scope. However, there are many other dye-doped particles that can be used in these methods, some of which are more suitable for measurements of liquid flow and low temperature flow.This review summarized the methods for fabrication, applications, optical properties, and limitations of temperature sensitive particles, and the extensive coverage of the field provided by this review renders it useful as a base for further experimentation. Dopant sensor molecules are also summarized in this review make it possible to fabricate functional particles that are suitable for the aims of an individual researcher. These particles are excited by a UV-laser and several kinds of them can be excited using a common green laser.Several approaches to velocity and temperature measurements, mono-color intensity-based method, the ratiometric method and the lifetime method are explained. The combined methods are limited by velocity conditions; therefore, decoupling the temperature measurement from the velocity measurement is sometimes reasonable. However, combined measurements were also considered in this review.There are many possible sources of error when using these methods; however, the most important factor is the following capacity of the particles, especially in gaseous flow. The deformation of particle images because of the long exposure inherent in the lifetime-based method was discussed quantitatively.Applications of liquid/gas/multiphase flow measurements were introduced. Micro capsules or microbeads are often used for a liquid flow and a microchannel flow. Many previous works use a phosphor for a high temperature gas flow. Uncertainties are different on a case-by-case basis. Accurate calibration is very important in suppressing errors. The development of easy calibration methods or calibration free methods while retaining high accuracy is an important issue in future work.

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Development and application of a high-speed planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging system to evaluate liquid and vapor phases of sprays from a multi-hole diesel fuel injector

Cited by 20 publications

References 13 publications

Quantitative mixing measurements and stochastic variability of a vaporizing gasoline direct-injection spray

Quantitative mixing measurements and stochastic variability of a vaporizing gasoline direct-injection spray

Non-Reacting Spray Characteristics of Gasoline and Diesel With a Heavy-Duty Single-Hole Injector

Particle-based temperature measurement coupled with velocity measurement

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