Development and analysis of a lithium carbon monofluoride battery-lithium ion capacitor hybrid system for high pulse-power applications

Abstract

Although Li/CF x and Li/CF x MnO 2 have two of the highest energy densitiesof all commercial lithium primary batteries known to date, they are typically current-limited and therefore are not used in highpower applications. In this work, a Li/CF x MnO 2 battery (BA-5790)was hybridized with a 1,000 F lithium ion capacitor to allow its use for portable electronic devices requiring 100 W one-minute pulses. An intelligent, power-management board was developed for managing the energy flow between the components. The hybrid architecture was shown to maintain the battery current to a level that minimized energy loss and thermal stress. The performance of the Li/CF x MnO 2 hybrid was compared to the standard Li/SO 2 battery (BA-5590). The hybrid was shown to deliver the same number of 100 W pulse cycles as two BA-5590 batteries, resulting in a weight savings of 30% and a volumetric reduction of 20%. For devices requiring 8 hours of operational time or less, a 5-cell Li/CF x MnO 2 hybrid was found to be a lighter (55%) and smaller (45%) power source than the existing two BA-5590 battery option, and a lighter (42%) and smaller(27%) option than1½BA-5790batteriesalone. At higher power requirements (>100 W), further weight and size improvements can be expected.

Study on Crystal Growth Kinetics and Preferred Orientation for LiF Crystal in Dimethyl Sulfoxide/1,3-Dioxolane-based Electrolyte

“…Recently, the Li/CF x battery has been suffering from some shortcomings that need to be urgently solved. These problems may be summarized as follows: − (1) The rate capability of the Li/CF x battery is too low for real applications. (2) The actual discharge voltage of the Li/CF x battery (∼2.5 V) is far less than the theoretical value (∼3.2 to 3.5 V).…”

Elucidating the Role of Electrochemically Formed LiF in Discharge and Aging of Li-CFx Batteries

“…Li-CF x batteries can be found in a wide variety of applications that require very high specific energy and low self-discharge, yet do not require rechargeability, such as certain devices for medical, marine, military, or space applications. ,− For example, planetary science missions performed by robotic spacecraft are limited in scope by the performance of the current electrochemical energy storage systems available, where established chemistries are unable to adequately meet mission requirements. The development of high specific energy (>700 Wh kg –1 at 25 °C) primary batteries with low self-discharge rates (≤0.5% per year), coupled with radiation tolerance (10 Mrad total ionizing doses), could enable entirely new missions performing civilization-scale science on planetary bodies .…”

An experimental analysis of Lithium battery use for high power application

“…Therefore, other devices, such as supercapacitors or ultracapacitors, are preferably employed. Indeed , the use of high power batteries is made at expenses of battery state-of-health reduction, low performance and low energy density per unit of volume or of mass [2]. Recently, the study of pulsed power applications adopting lithium batteries is gaining interest.…”