Development a new index for littered waste assessment in different environments: A study on coastal and urban areas of northern Iran (Caspian Sea)

Jafari, Ahmad Jonidi; Latifi, Parvaneh; Kazemi, Zeinab; Morovati, Maryam; Farzadkia, Mahdi; Torkashvand, Javad

doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112684

Cited by 20 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Information on the quantity of litter at the studied locations was interpreted using the clean environment index (CEI) 29 . …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this formula Ni represents the number of observed litter and K is a constant coefficient equal to 20. The Wi coefficient used in this formula is defined according to the potential for damage of each litter to the environment and health 18 , 29 . The width in this formula for each location included the entire width of the sidewalk and 1 m from the street.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some types of CRL were calculated with Wi = 2.5 in the formula due to the possibility of virus infection, such as face masks. But some types of CRL, which are made of plastic and have a low probability of being infected with the virus, were calculated with Wi = 1.5 in the formula 28 , 29 .

Figure 2 Wi coefficients for litter types 28 , 29 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But some types of CRL, which are made of plastic and have a low probability of being infected with the virus, were calculated with Wi = 1.5 in the formula 28 , 29 .

Figure 2 Wi coefficients for litter types 28 , 29 . …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Covid-19 pandemic lockdown on the urban litter and clean environment index

Darabi

Hayati

Morovati³

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Changing the level of pollution in the urban environment is one of the consequences of Covid-19. Litter are one of the most important urban pollutants affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. In this research, the pollution level of urban areas during the Covid-19 pandemic was investigated by studying the urban environment. To this end, the protocol of observation and counting was used and litter were studied in two groups including common litter and Covid-19 related litter in Yasuj, Iran. The results were interpreted based on the clean environment index (CEI). The time of observation was selected based on the peak of the disease and the decline in the incidence rate. The results showed that on average, at the peak of the disease, the density of the litter was reduced by 19% compared to the low lockdown related to Covid-19. The CEI on average was 4.76 at the peak of the disease that was interpreted in the clean status, while the CEI on average was 5.94 at the low lockdown related to Covid-19 so interpreted in the moderate status. Among urban land uses, recreational areas with a difference of more than 60% showed the greatest impact caused by Covid-19, while in commercial areas this difference was less than 3%. The effect of Covid-19 related litter on the calculated index was 73% in the worst case and 0.8% in the lowest case. Although Covid-19 decreased the number of litter in urban areas, the emergence of Covid-19 lockdown related litter was a cause for concern and led to increasing the CEI.

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“…Information on the quantity of litter at the studied locations was interpreted using the clean environment index (CEI) 29 . …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Figure 2 Wi coefficients for litter types 28 , 29 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But some types of CRL, which are made of plastic and have a low probability of being infected with the virus, were calculated with Wi = 1.5 in the formula 28 , 29 .

Figure 2 Wi coefficients for litter types 28 , 29 . …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Impact of Covid-19 pandemic lockdown on the urban litter and clean environment index

Darabi

Hayati

Morovati³

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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“…Consistent with the CCI index calculation [53], a coefficient K = 20 was inserted into equation (1) to make sure that the value of the resulting index would not fall between 0 and 1. CCI varies from "Very Clean" (0-2), "Clean" (2-5), "Moderate Dirty" (5-10), and "Dirty" (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) to "Extremely Dirty" (>20), [53][54][55].…”

Section: =mentioning

confidence: 99%

Abundance and Temporal Distribution of Beach Litter on the Coast of Ceuta (North Africa, Gibraltar Strait)

Asensio-Montesinos

Anfuso

Aguilar-Torrelo

et al. 2021

Water

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Twelve beaches located in Ceuta (Spain) were studied from February to April 2019 to assess litter amounts (expressed as number of items), categories and temporal distribution. At each beach, three surveys were conducted, i.e., one per month (i.e., 36 in total). Selected beaches covered urban (7), rural (2) and remote (3) bathing areas. Plastic represented the dominant material, i.e., 35.2% of all debris, followed by glass (18.2%), pottery/ceramics (14.6%), wood (11.4%), metal (11.4%), paper/cardboard (4.8%), cloth (3.5%), rubber (0.7%), organic (0.3%) and other materials (0.1%). The Clean Coast Index was calculated to classify beaches in five categories for evaluating the cleanliness level of the coast observed at each survey: “Very Clean” (7 surveys), “Clean” (10), “Moderately Dirty” (8), “Dirty” (2) and “Extremely Dirty” (9). Litter occurrence was assessed by the Litter Grade methodology, which allowed to classify beaches in four grades: “A”: very good (0); “B”: good (4); “C”: fair (7); and “D”: poor (25). In a few surveys, some beaches were considered “good”, but their management should not be ignored because in other surveys those beaches reached fair and poor scores. Several potentially harmful litter items were related to beach users. Severe eastern storms removed litter at many of the beaches investigated and favored accumulation at others. Data analysis shows significant differences in litter abundance with respect to site, beach typology and the presence of cleaning operations but no important differences between the studied months. Rural beaches recorded the most litter, followed by urban and remote beaches. All beaches require immediate and more appropriate management actions to improve their environmental status.

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Cigarette butt littering consequences: a study of pollution rate on beaches and urban environments

Nasab

Oskoei

Rezanasab

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Development a new index for littered waste assessment in different environments: A study on coastal and urban areas of northern Iran (Caspian Sea)

Cited by 20 publications

References 27 publications

Impact of Covid-19 pandemic lockdown on the urban litter and clean environment index

Impact of Covid-19 pandemic lockdown on the urban litter and clean environment index

Abundance and Temporal Distribution of Beach Litter on the Coast of Ceuta (North Africa, Gibraltar Strait)

Cigarette butt littering consequences: a study of pollution rate on beaches and urban environments

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