“…However, the efficiency of the urban cleaning system may not be the same in all parts of the city, which can be one of the reasons for the spatial version of the littered cigarette filter 1 , 5 . Although the difference efficiency can be caused by the management structure and service quality, however, in the case of littered waste, especially cigarette filters, which are small in size, an important factor in the efficiency of the urban cleaning system is the number of low access points 30 . Tree pits, urban transport stations, and bicycle stations are the most important low access points that are more difficult to clean 28 , 30 .…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although the difference efficiency can be caused by the management structure and service quality, however, in the case of littered waste, especially cigarette filters, which are small in size, an important factor in the efficiency of the urban cleaning system is the number of low access points 30 . Tree pits, urban transport stations, and bicycle stations are the most important low access points that are more difficult to clean 28 , 30 . The existence of these points causes the accumulation of litter, including cigarette filters.…”
The use of tobacco will lead to the littering of a large number of filters, and the leakage of pollutants from them into the urban environment is a serious concern. The aim of this study was to analyze the leakage of heavy metals from filter and estimate the annual concentration of pollution leakage in different waste routes and different climatic conditions. The results showed that the highest and lowest density of filter in the studied urban environment were 0.51 and 0.01 number/m2, respectively. According to the estimated annual production of 306 million cigarette butts in the studied area, the leakage of the studied metals was estimated to be 401 g. The share of copper, chromium, and cadmium from the total leakage was 67%, 8.3%, and 1.88%, respectively. The leakage of studied metals in rainy conditions was 2.86 times more than sunny conditions. In different scenarios, the minimum and maximum annual leakage of metals were estimated 23,043 and 350,419 mg/year, respectively. Filters are a little but important source of heavy metal emission into the urban environment, the amount of pollution from which is affected by the consumers’ behavior and the efficiency of the urban cleaning system. Education on the correct disposal of filters and increasing the efficiency of the urban cleaning system will lead to a reduction in pollution caused by tobacco consumption.
“…However, the efficiency of the urban cleaning system may not be the same in all parts of the city, which can be one of the reasons for the spatial version of the littered cigarette filter 1 , 5 . Although the difference efficiency can be caused by the management structure and service quality, however, in the case of littered waste, especially cigarette filters, which are small in size, an important factor in the efficiency of the urban cleaning system is the number of low access points 30 . Tree pits, urban transport stations, and bicycle stations are the most important low access points that are more difficult to clean 28 , 30 .…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although the difference efficiency can be caused by the management structure and service quality, however, in the case of littered waste, especially cigarette filters, which are small in size, an important factor in the efficiency of the urban cleaning system is the number of low access points 30 . Tree pits, urban transport stations, and bicycle stations are the most important low access points that are more difficult to clean 28 , 30 . The existence of these points causes the accumulation of litter, including cigarette filters.…”
The use of tobacco will lead to the littering of a large number of filters, and the leakage of pollutants from them into the urban environment is a serious concern. The aim of this study was to analyze the leakage of heavy metals from filter and estimate the annual concentration of pollution leakage in different waste routes and different climatic conditions. The results showed that the highest and lowest density of filter in the studied urban environment were 0.51 and 0.01 number/m2, respectively. According to the estimated annual production of 306 million cigarette butts in the studied area, the leakage of the studied metals was estimated to be 401 g. The share of copper, chromium, and cadmium from the total leakage was 67%, 8.3%, and 1.88%, respectively. The leakage of studied metals in rainy conditions was 2.86 times more than sunny conditions. In different scenarios, the minimum and maximum annual leakage of metals were estimated 23,043 and 350,419 mg/year, respectively. Filters are a little but important source of heavy metal emission into the urban environment, the amount of pollution from which is affected by the consumers’ behavior and the efficiency of the urban cleaning system. Education on the correct disposal of filters and increasing the efficiency of the urban cleaning system will lead to a reduction in pollution caused by tobacco consumption.
“…These factors directly increase the density of littered cigarette butt and will increase the index proportionally. On the other hand, factors such as humidity, which are effective in the amount of pollutant leakage from the littered cigarette butt, as well as factors such as the type of soil and the distance of the underground water, which are effective in the penetration of pollution leaked from the littered cigarette butt, are also effective in increasing the index due to the positive effect on the E coefficient 23 , 27 . Figure 3 Calculated CBPI for studied locations.…”
More than 5 trillion cigarettes are produced in the world every year. This hazardous waste is one of the most important litter in the environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the density and dispersion of cigarette butts in the urban environment and to estimate the leakage of pollution from it to the environment. For this purpose, the cigarette butt pollution index was used in 14 locations. Observations were made during a year and once a month for each location. The study of the locations was done with the same conditions on weekend and working days. The amount of heavy metal leakage was estimated based on the average weight of cigarette butts and the ratio of metal leakage in different weather conditions. The results showed that the annual average of index for the studied locations was 1.36 (SD 0.11) to 10.6 (SD 1.23). Based on this, 28.5% of the locations were in the low pollution status and 42.8% were in the significant pollution status and worse. On average, the index on weekend decreased by 32.3 percent in all locations, and the average index of the studied locations in spring and summer was 26.2 percent higher than in autumn and winter. The average leakage of heavy metals including chromium, cadmium, zinc, lead, copper, and nickel from littered cigarette butts in commercial, residential, and recreational areas was estimated to be 0.27, 0.079, and 0.17 µg per square meter, respectively. Cigarette butt is one of the most abundant litter in the studied area, which is the source of many pollutants, including heavy metals. This hazardous waste is a serious threat to the urban environment.
“…When the first filtered cigarettes were introduced in the 1950s to reduce harmful elements inhaled by smokers 1 , it seemed that this type of cigarette could control the health consequences of smoking. Filtered cigarettes have been able to reduce the risk of smoking due to the ability of their filter via trapping harmful contaminants from cigarette smoke 2 , and today they are the most common form of tobacco use worldwide 3 .…”
This study investigated the recycling of freshly-smoked cigarette butts (FCBs) and unsmoked cigarette filters (UCFs) into a cellulose acetate (CA) membrane. The both samples were prepared by means of a combination of seven cigarette brands, and the phase inversion method was used to recycle each sample into a membrane using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The efficiency of the prepared membranes for the removal of chromium, cadmium, and lead from an aqueous solution in a forward osmosis reactor was investigated. The results showed that the both membranes had a smooth surface and macrovoids. The flux of the prepared membranes from the UCFs and FCBs recycling were 14.8 and 13.2 LMH, respectively. The porosity and reverse salt of the UCFs membrane were 61% and 3.5 gMH, while those for FCBs membrane were 58% and 3.9 gMH. The observed metal removal efficiency of the both membranes was in the range of 85 to 90%. However, increasing the concentration of metals up to five times caused a slight decrease in the removal efficiency (less than 5%).
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