Developing Ethnic Tourism in Yunnan, China: Shilin Sani

The role of self-gentrification in sustainable tourism: Indigenous entrepreneurship at Honghe Hani Rice Terraces World Heritage Site, China

“…Despite considerable reform from the 1980s onwards the state still regulates many forms of economic activity and land use, for instance, using hukou system (Chan, 2010). The establishment of numerous autonomous ethnic regions and districts in areas throughout China has not necessarily resulted in minority groups taking more control over their own resources and destinies (Swain, 1989;Xie, 2001). In this regard, Harvey (2005) describes the Chinese economic reality as an increasing incorporation of neoliberal elements integrated with authoritarian centralised control, in contrast to cases in most of the developed countries where the indigenous communities may enjoy greater control of their economic activities including tourism (Hinch & Butler, 1996).…”

“…Literature in indigenous tourism in China presents tensions between cultural exoticism (tourists' desire for "authenticity" by "freezing" the culture in past representations), cultural commodification (selective modification of culture in accordance with tourists' taste), and cultural preservation versus modernity (indigenous people's desire to achieve modernity) (Swain, 1989;Xie, 2001;Yang & Wall, 2008). Non-indigenous tourism operators often (with varying degrees of intent) misrepresent indigenous persons.…”

Administrative arrangements and displacement compensation in top-down tourism planning—A case from Hainan Province, China

“…Interviews with the resettlers in these two cases revealed that people generally expressed a very positive attitude to the relocation projects and one of them stated that ''it is happy for us to enjoy a better life than that before the relocation'' (a Sani Yi seller in Stone-forest Park, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China, 2001). Further discussions of tourism and the Sani are available in the work of Swain (1989Swain ( , 1990.…”

Ethnic tourism: A framework and an application

“…The commodification and marketing of ethnicity creates a variety of issues, from the preservation and protection of communities to the (re)construction of identities and changes in the values of peoples. There is growing concern in many places about how to balance the use of ethnicity as a tourist attraction with the protection of minority cultures and the promotion of ethnic pride (Henderson, 2003;Ryan & Aicken, 2005;Swain, 1989;Xie, 2001). Although there is substantial literature documenting the impacts of ethnic tourism, little research has been devoted specifically to the planning process.…”