Developing Empirically Derived City Typologies: An Application of Cluster Analysis

Bruce, Grady D.; Witt, Robert E.

doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1971.tb01354.x

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 8 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…But even though cluster analysis may be easier to carry out, the types constructed through the heuristic method are often more interpretable. For example, consider the empirical typology formed by cluster analysis, and recently discussed in this QUARTERLY (Bruce and Witt, 1971). Bruce and Witt's data consisted of measurements on six variables (median income, median age, percent residents in same house in 1960 and in 1955, population per square mile, per capita wholesale establishments, and per capita employed in manufacturing durables) for each of 83 American cities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Constructing Monothetic and Polythetic Typologies By the Heuristic Method

Bailey

1973

The Sociological Quarterly

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Past students of heuristic types such as the ideal or constructed types have often proposed that empirical cases be studied by comparison with the heuristic type. However, they have provided no specific guidelines for such comparison, and critics have deemed the operation unfruitful. Such guidelines are provided here, based on the monothetic‐polythetic distinction. Each empirical case is initially assigned to a monothetic type, then later a decision can be made about whether to collapse to polytheticism. Both general and specific guidelines for delimiting types are provided. A distinction is made between theoretical and mechanical methods of type construction, and examples are provided. Methods of choosing variables for a typology are also discussed.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The clustering method seeks to minimize within-cell variation. The investigator using this method decides when to stop clustering by monitoring the increase in error sum of squares at each stage in the clustering process (Bruce and Witt, 1971). The error sum of squares is a measure of within-cell heterogeneity (polytheticism).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constructing Monothetic and Polythetic Typologies By the Heuristic Method

Bailey

1973

The Sociological Quarterly

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Since the publication of the Hadden-Borgatta classification of American cities in 1965, Forstall (1970), Jones and Jones (1970), Bruce and Witt (1971), Meyer (1972), and King and Jeffrey (1972), inter alios, have constructed city typologies. Forstall focused on the 1,761 cities which in 1960 had a population of 10,000 or more, and used a complex cross-classification scheme incorporating several different criteria to establish the existence of 241 city types.s Jones and Jones (1970), using a &dquo;bimodality criterion&dquo; (proposed earlier by Jones, 1968) and the ordinal rankings of the factor loadings reported in the Hadden-Borgatta monograph, American Cities, studied the 364 American cities which in 1960 had a population of 50,000 or more.…”

Section: A Critique and A Proposal: Toward A More Rigorous Urban Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such a procedure ignores the differential standards of measurement and variation associated with each of the variables and introduces distortion into any subsequent classification effort.' 7 Finally, no description is given of the characteristics of the city groups derived by Bruce and Witt (1971); they neither specify the nature of the differences between their city groups nor do they indicate, except very generally, the relevance of their typology for comparative urban study. But despite some questionable procedures, the use of Ward's (1963) algorithm by Bruce and Witt in deriving city types is imaginative and offers a useful and economical way to construct a city typology; indeed, Ward's cluster procedure forms a key element in the work to be described here.…”

Section: A Critique and A Proposal: Toward A More Rigorous Urban Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Amer Ican City Types

Sutton

Korey

Bryant

et al. 1974

Urban Affairs Quarterly

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).The ability to cultivate the cyanobacterium Arhtrospira platensis in artificially lightened photobioreactors using high energetic efficiency (quasi-monochromatic) red LED was investigated. To reach the same maximal productivities as with the polychromatic lightening control conditions (red þ blue, P/2e À ¼ 1.275), the need to work with an optimal range of wavelength around 620 nm was first established on batch and continuous cultures. The longterm physiological and kinetic behavior was then verified in a continuous photobioreactor illuminated only with red (620 nm) LED, showing that the maximum productivities can be maintained over 30 residence times with only minor changes in the pigment content of the cells corresponding to a well-known adaptation mechanism of the photosystems, but without any effect on growth and stoichiometry. For both poly and monochromatic incident light inputs, a predictive spectral knowledge model was proposed and validated for the first time, allowing the calculation of the kinetics and stoichiometry observed in any photobioreactor cultivating A. platensis, or other cyanobacteria if the parameters were updated. It is shown that the photon flux (with a specified wavelength) must be used instead of light energy flux as a relevant control variable for the growth. The experimental and theoretical results obtained in this study demonstrate that it is possible to save the energy consumed by the lightening device of photobioreactors using red LED, the spectral range of which is defined according to the action spectrum of photosynthesis. This appears to be crucial information for applications in which the energy must be rationalized, as it is the case for life support systems in closed environments like a permanent spatial base or a submarine. V V C 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 25: 151-162, 2009 Keywords: photobioreactor, Arthrospira platensis, cyanobacteria, spectral kinetic knowledge model, LED, monochromatic light Introduction and ObjectivesThe use of artificially lightening controlled photobioreactors (PBR) seems a very promising technology if the production of high valuable compounds from photosynthetic microorganisms is to be envisaged. PBR are also of major interest as main operation in biological life support systems. Such complex artificial ecosystems as the MELiSSA project of ESA (http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Melissa/) aim at recycling CO 2 gas, liquid, and solid wastes produced by a crew in water, food, and oxygen inside a thermodynamically closed system (a lunar or Martian base for example). In these systems, the two critical points are the size (or mass) of unit operations and their energy consumption. This is also the case if a previous subsystem and small scale demonstrator is envisaged for a flight onboard the International Space Station such as the Biorat project, 1 in which the atmosphere revitalization of a consumer compartment (two mice) is ensured by a fully controlled PBR artificially li...

show abstract

“…However, for some reason, the clustering tidal wave has made only a few small splashes on the shores of sociology. There are a relatively few recent clustering applications in the sociological literature (e.g., Capecchi, 1964;Capecchi.and Moller, 1968;Pergier, 1968;Majone, 1970;Gostowski, 1970;Zagoruiko and Zaslavska, 1970;Bruce and Witt, 1971;Feldman and E1 Houri, 1975;Moller and Capecchi, 1975;Vanneman, 1977;Warriner, 1977;Engelberg and Kiecolt, 1978;TenHouten and Balkan, 1978), and one general review of clustering techniques (Bailey, 1975). The most recent additions to the literature are an article by Bailey (1983) relating cluster analysis to systems analysis, and a volume by Hudson (1982) which contains a number of chapters on cluster analysis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sociological classification and cluster analysis

Bailey

1983

Qual Quant

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Developing Empirically Derived City Typologies: An Application of Cluster Analysis

Cited by 21 publications

References 8 publications

Constructing Monothetic and Polythetic Typologies By the Heuristic Method

Constructing Monothetic and Polythetic Typologies By the Heuristic Method

Amer Ican City Types

Sociological classification and cluster analysis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About