Developing an Integrated Ocean Observing System for New Zealand

O'Callaghan, Joanne; Stevens, Craig; Roughan, Moninya; Cornelisen, Chris; Sutton, Philip; Garrett, Sally; Giorli, Giacomo; Smith, Robert G.; Currie, Kim; Suanda, Sutara H.; Williams, Michael; Bowen, Melissa; Fernandez, Denise; Vennell, Ross; Knight, Ben; Barter, Paul; McComb, Peter; Oliver, M; Livingston, Mary E.; Tellier, Pierre; Meissner, Anna M.; Brewer, Mark J.; Gall, Mark; Nodder, Scott D.; Décima, Moira; Souza, João Marcos Azevedo Correia de; Forcén-Vázquez, Aitana; Gardiner, Sarah; Paul‐Burke, Kura; Chiswell, Stephen M.; Roberts, Jim; Hayden, Barb; Biggs, Barry J. F.; Macdonald, Helen

doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00143

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…(3) Crucially, pursuing enhanced observational data to verify these models. This also raises the possibility of data assimilation (O'Callaghan et al 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A modelling synthesis of the volume flux through Cook Strait

Hadfield

Stevens²

2020

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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We present hindcasts of currents in Cook Strait from a baroclinic, tide-resolving ocean model. Three hindcasts are run, forced respectively at the lateral boundaries with data from the Bluelink Reanalysis (BRAN), the global Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and a New Zealand Shelf Seas baroclinic hindcast (NZROMS). The hindcast forced by BRAN is evaluated against measured currents at locations in the Cook Strait Narrows and South Taranaki Bight. The model reproduces the observed tidal, subtidal and mean currents well. The three hindcasts produce a 3year-mean volume flux southward through the Narrows of 0.360, 0.734 and 0.230 Sv, respectively. When corrected for the observed discrepancies between model and measurements in the Narrows, the estimates are 0.430, 0.498 and 0.337 Sv. We conclude that true 3-year mean volume flux through Cook Strait is 0.42 ± 0.08 Sv. The tidal volume flux amplitude is 4.68 Sv (M2). The subtidal fluctuations in volume flux have a standard deviation of 0.62 Sv. The effect of wind is investigated with a wind-forced barotropic model, which produces volume flux fluctuations that are highly correlated (r = 0.93) with the subtidal fluctuations from the baroclinic model, implying that the latter are largely wind-generated.

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“…(3) Crucially, pursuing enhanced observational data to verify these models. This also raises the possibility of data assimilation (O'Callaghan et al 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A modelling synthesis of the volume flux through Cook Strait

Hadfield

Stevens²

2020

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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“…A recent study (Mazzini and Pianca, 2022) of MHWs in a large, mid-latitude estuary has reported similarly high rates of MHW co-occurrence across an area of 12,000 km 2 , suggesting that MHWs often develop simultaneously throughout semienclosed coastal water bodies. The fact MHWs were often not limited to the coastal site at Leigh also emphasizes the potential applicability of real-time MHW monitoring at this location for the wider Hauraki Gulf in general (O'Callaghan et al, 2019). Whilst we found the average lag-lead time (±2 days) between co-occurring events was relatively short, the majority (92%) of the lag-leads tested were not significant (Figure 6c).…”

Section: Role Of Local Atmospheric Processes In Generating Mhws In Swmesmentioning

confidence: 78%

Marine heatwaves in shallow coastal ecosystems are coupled with the atmosphere: Insights from half a century of daily in situ temperature records

Cook

Smith²,

Roughan³

et al. 2022

Front. Clim.

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Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are extreme ocean temperature events that can have wide-ranging and pervasive effects on marine species and ecosystems. However, studies of MHW characteristics and drivers primarily focus on open-ocean environments, rather than the nearshore coastal ocean (<10 km from coast, <50 m depth). This is despite coastal waters sustaining significant commercial, recreational, and customary fisheries and aquaculture activities that are highly susceptible to the impacts of MHWs. The two longest (>50 year) daily in situ ocean temperature records in the Southern Hemisphere are used to investigate the variability, drivers, and trends of MHWs in shallow water marine ecosystems (SWMEs). Located at the northern and southern limits of New Zealand, both locations experience an average of two to three MHWs annually, with MHWs at the exposed coastline site generally being of longer duration but less intense than those observed within the semi-enclosed harbor site. Observed MHWs have timescales similar to synoptic weather systems (9–13 days) and are most intense during Austral summer with little seasonality in frequency or duration. An investigation of MHWs co-occurring in nearshore coastal and offshore waters suggests that MHWs in semi-enclosed waters (e.g., harbors, estuaries) are more closely coupled with local atmospheric conditions and less likely to have a co-occurring offshore MHW than those occurring on exposed coastlines. Composite analysis using a reanalysis product elucidates specific atmospheric drivers and suggests that atmospheric pressure systems, wind speed and latent heat fluxes are important contributing factors to the generation and decline of MHWs in SWMEs. Investigation of long-term trends in MHW properties revealed an increase in MHW duration and annual MHW days at the southern site and decrease in maximum intensity at the northern site. This is consistent with broad-scale warming trends previously documented at these coastal stations, with differences related to changes in large-scale circulation patterns around New Zealand. Our results highlight the importance of in situ data for the analysis of MHW events in the nearshore coastal ocean, and the role of local atmospheric forcing in modulating the occurrence of MHWs in SWMEs, which can cause decoupling of temperature dynamics with the surrounding shelf sea.

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“…While the satellite and Argo eras have significantly improved understanding of "bluewater" oceanography (Chiswell et al, 2015), the same cannot be said for coastal and shelf seas around AoNZ where marine industries typically operate (O'Callaghan et al, 2019). With limited surface satellite data due to cloud cover and few subsurface observations shallower than 1000 m, neither the baseline observations nor event-based variability of MHWs exists for AoNZ.…”

Section: Increased Support For Multi-scale Studies To Identify and Ad...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Horizon Scan on the Benefits of Ocean Seasonal Forecasting in a Future of Increasing Marine Heatwaves for Aotearoa New Zealand

et al. 2022

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With climate heating, Aotearoa New Zealand is expected to experience more marine heatwaves (MHW) in the coming decades. These extreme events are already impacting the island nation's marine and coastal environments and marine industries at a variety of scales. There will potentially be substantial benefits in developing an early warning system–specifically ocean seasonal forecast tools. This near-term 2,030 horizon scan reviews studies supporting the development of this capability and notes work needed to enable stakeholders to benefit from this knowledge. Review findings congregate around six themes; (1) MHW impacts, (2) mechanistic understanding, (3) observational basis, (4) seasonal forecast tools, (5) supporting Te Tiriti (The Treaty of Waitangi) and Māori aspirations, and (6) end-user engagement. The primary recommendation is a cross-institutional, cross-sector MHW Taskforce that would address, in a coordinated and effective fashion, the real, multi-faceted challenges associated with the committed pathway of warming. A range of sub-recommendations follow that connect with the United Nations Ocean Decade initiative.

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Developing an Integrated Ocean Observing System for New Zealand

Cited by 14 publications

References 20 publications

A modelling synthesis of the volume flux through Cook Strait

A modelling synthesis of the volume flux through Cook Strait

Marine heatwaves in shallow coastal ecosystems are coupled with the atmosphere: Insights from half a century of daily in situ temperature records

Horizon Scan on the Benefits of Ocean Seasonal Forecasting in a Future of Increasing Marine Heatwaves for Aotearoa New Zealand

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