Developing a secondary mobile network in the Palestinian GSM band using cognitive radio

GSM‐RF Channel Characterization Using a Wideband Subspace Sensing Mechanism for Cognitive Radio Networks

“…The sensing technique was built upon cyclostationnarity features extraction of GMSK (Gaussian Minimum-Shift Keying) based modulation and OFDM-based one coupled with frequency domain and time domain ED tests to enhance the performance under specific constraints. Similarly in [22] the couple GSM and OFDM were, respectively, examined as primary and secondary systems by adopting an interference elimination mechanism through the insertion of a ZFBF (Zero Forcing Beamforming) precoding and postcoding, respectively, at the secondary system transmitter and receiver. The approaches in [21,22] are far to be investigated for a generalized detection mechanism, since they are uniquely adequate to detect OFDM modulated signals, which is not the case in heterogeneous radio environments as for IoT paradigm, where secondary devices are enabled with different multiplexing and access technologies.…”

“…Similarly in [22] the couple GSM and OFDM were, respectively, examined as primary and secondary systems by adopting an interference elimination mechanism through the insertion of a ZFBF (Zero Forcing Beamforming) precoding and postcoding, respectively, at the secondary system transmitter and receiver. The approaches in [21,22] are far to be investigated for a generalized detection mechanism, since they are uniquely adequate to detect OFDM modulated signals, which is not the case in heterogeneous radio environments as for IoT paradigm, where secondary devices are enabled with different multiplexing and access technologies. Besides, the aforementioned spectrum sensing policies are narrowband, which means that they make single binary decision for the whole spectrum [23].…”

“…Unlike the above mentioned methods, subspace based techniques are highly promising for wideband spectrum sensing since they can sense multiple channels in one go [15,28] which makes them the most convenient tools for GSM channels detection. In addition, they do not need a priori information of the PUs signal characteristics as in [21,22] since they are not restricted to specific modulations. Furthermore, subspace techniques are significantly robust against noise as shown in [29], unlike the methods used in [13,14,19], because they rely on the eigen-decomposition of the autocorrelation matrix which allows to remove the uncertain background noise in advance.…”

Spectrum Occupancy Measurements in Cellular Frequency Band in Samsun

“…Furthermore, it was evaluated through spectral occupancy measurements conducted in Konya, Turkey from 30 to 3000MHz frequency range that many frequency bands are suitable for CR [8]. Available spectrum in the Global Mobile Communications (GSM) 900 MHz band in Palestine was validated through the simulations, and an efficient and interference robust CR system was proposed [9]. Unused spectrum parts in GSM900 band are evaluated through outdoor spectrum measurements performed in Samsun, and spectral usage in the band was found as 8.5% for -40 dBm [10].…”