GSM-RF Channel Characterization Using a Wideband Subspace Sensing Mechanism for Cognitive Radio Networks

Abstract

In this paper, we examine a spectrum sharing opportunities over the existing Global System of Mobile Communication (GSM) networks, by identifying the unused channels at a specific time and location. For this purpose, we propose a wideband spectrum sensing mechanism to analyze the status of 51 channels at once, belonging to the 10 MHz bandwidth centered at the frequency 945 MHz, in four different areas. We propose a subspace based spectral estimation mechanism, adapted to deal with real measurements. The process begins with data collection using Secondary User (SU) device enabled with Software Defined Radio (SDR) technology, configured to operate in the GSM band. Obtained samples are used then to feed the sensing mechanism. Spectral analysis is delivered to estimate power density peaks and corresponding frequencies. Decision making phase brings together power thresholding technique and GSM control channel decoding to identify idle and busy channels. Experiments are evaluated using detection and false alarm probabilities emulated via Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. Obtained performances show better detection accuracy and robustness against variant noise/fading effects, when using our mechanism compared to Energy Detection (ED) based ones as Welch method, and Beamforming based ones as Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) method. Occupancy results exhibit considerable potential of secondary use in GSM based primary network.

Application of Electrosprayed Nanoparticles as Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: A Mini Review

“…This is due to a greater surface area to volume ratio, improved chemical reactivity or stability, increased mechanical strength, and other unique factors. These features have led to their usage in a variety of applications; drug delivery [6,7], chemical and biological sensing [8], gas sensing [9][10][11], CO2 capture [12], and many more [13]. Controlled drug carrier science has aimed to fabricate targeted devices with the potential to release pharmacological agents, vitamins, proteins, etc., in specific sites and an optimal dosage, which is claimed to be ascertained via the usage of NPs.…”