Detrmination of Carbon-Hydrogen Groups in High Molecular Weight Hydrocarbons by Near-Infrared Absortion

Evans, Albert; Hibbard, R. R.; Powell, A. Shafer

doi:10.1021/ac60059a022

Cited by 37 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Applying quantum mechanics to the Morse equation results in the vibrational levels being described by the equation: (10) in which x m is the anharmonicity constant of the vibration, whose value is between 0.005 and 0.05.…”

Section: The Anharmonic Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Near Infrared Spectroscopy: fundamentals, practical aspects and analytical applications

Pasquini¹

2003

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

673

417

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Este trabalho visa prover uma revisão da teoria da Espectroscopia no Infravermelho Próximo (NIR) e das suas aplicações no campo das Ciências Analíticas. Ele é dirigido ao leitor que não possui um conhecimento profundo sobre espectroscopia vibracional mas que gostaria de ser introduzido às potencialidades analíticas desta técnica fascinante e, ao mesmo tempo, se tornar consciente das suas limitações. A teoria fundamental, uma revisão dos instrumentos modernos existentes e aplicações em inúmeros campos, são apresentados. Este trabalho não pretende suprir uma revisão bibliográfica intensiva mas se refere aos materiais recentes mais significativos e representativos encontrados na literatura técnica. Uma vez que este texto foi produzido em conseqüência do primeiro "workshop" em espectroscopia NIR, que ocorreu em Campinas -Brasil, como uma atividade preliminar ao 11º Encontro Nacional de Química Analítica (ENQA), ele também apresenta o estado da arte na Espectroscopia NIR no Brasil, mostrando seus resultados mais recentes e apontando a necessidade de se elevar esta tecnologia a um nível consistente com aquele de suas atividades econômicas. This paper intends to review the basic theory of Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy and its applications in the field of Analytical Science. It is addressed to the reader who does not have a profound knowledge of vibrational spectroscopy but wants to be introduced to the analytical potentialities of this fascinating technique and, at same time, be conscious of its limitations. Essential theory background, an outline of modern instrument design, practical aspects, and applications in a number of different fields are presented. This work does not intend to supply an intensive bibliography but refers to the most recent, significant and representative material found in the technical literature. Because this paper has been produced as consequence of the First Workshop on Near Infrared Spectroscopy, whose venue was Campinas -Brazil, as a pre-conference activity of the XI National Meeting on Analytical Chemistry (ENQA), it also depicts the state of the art of NIR spectroscopy in Brazil, pointing out the current achievements and the need to take the technology to a level consistent with this country's economical activities.

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Section: The Anharmonic Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 Barchewitz was the first to apply NIR spectroscopy to the determination of fuel. 9 Many other contributions can be found in the early days of NIR spectroscopy, [10][11][12] all of them trying to identify a single wavelength which could be employed for quantitative determination, expecting Beer´s law to be obeyed.…”

Section: Introduction and Historical Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near Infrared Spectroscopy: fundamentals, practical aspects and analytical applications

Pasquini¹

2003

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

673

417

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“…3-Cyclopentyl-1-phenylpropane (39). The crude product was purified by chromatography (Chromatotron, hexanes) which furnished 36 as a clear oil: bp 267 °C (lit . 133 °C, 10 Torr).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scope and Utility of a New Soluble Copper Catalyst [CuBr−LiSPh−LiBr−THF]: A Comparison with Other Copper Catalysts in Their Ability to Couple One Equivalent of a Grignard Reagent with an Alkyl Sulfonate

et al. 1997

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A mixture of equal amounts of CuBr−SMe2, LiBr, and LiSPh in THF at 0 °C furnished a new soluble copper catalyst that was highly efficient at coupling primary, secondary, tertiary, aryl, vinyl, and allylic Grignard reagents to primary tosylates and primary Grignard reagents to secondary tosylates and mesylates, all with the use of only 1 equiv of Grignard reagent. The new catalyst was shown to be much more reactive than copper catalysts CuBr and Li2CuCl4 and more efficient in the transference of secondary and tertiary alkyl groups than lower order cuprates (Gilman reagents) and demonstrated more reactivity than the lower order cuprates with its ability to couple primary Grignard reagents to secondary sulfonates. The Grignard reagent/catalyst system was compatible with an ester functionalized tosylate, thus proving to be more chemoselective than a Grignard reagent without the catalyst. The catalyst exhibited good reactivity below room temperature, and with the addition of 6% v/v of HMPA to the catalyst solution, excellent yields of coupled product were obtained within a 25−67 °C temperature range. 1H NMR demonstrated that the catalyst solution consisted of several species that most likely were composed of copper ligated with thiophenol, THF, and LiBr in aggregated forms.

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“…Gambrill et al (41) employed a porous cup electrode technique to determine metals characteristic of additives in unused luhrieating oil and a rotating disk electrode technique to determine metals in used lubricating oil. Gamble and Kling (46) also employed an emission spectrometric method with lithium carbonate as buffer to determine nine metals in petroleum ash.…”

Section: Specialtiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Petroleum

Levin¹

1953

Anal. Chem.

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PETROLEUM HARRY LEVINThe Texas Co., Beacon, 1%' . Y d C A S be seen in the four previous annual reviews and gener-A ally in the field of analytical chemistry, the adaptation of instrumental methods to the solution of various problems continues t o be the major trend in the analytical phase of petroleum technologr. This is apparent again in the following review, which covers the literature for a period of one year from that covered in the previous reviex (98). CRUDE OIL.4n apparatus and procedure for determining water in wateroil emulsions, based on their dielectric constants, were described by Robinson and Ebertz (137). Schuldiner (147) established the source of harbor pollution from the contour and fluorescence of the spots formed in paper chromatography of crude oil and its products. Lockwood et al. (101) assayed crude oil in new e q u i p ment comprising a spinning band column for atmospheric and vacuum distillations, a spinning auger still for molecular distillation, and a n all-glass equilibrium flash vaporization unit. A laboratory recirculating equilibrium still for flash vaporization of petroleum crude oil or its fractions was described by Othnier et al. (120), who evaluated its characteristics at and below atmospheric pressure and temperatures to 357 ' C. 4 5Hall (57) determined dissolved oxygen in petroleum fractions polarographically by measuring the diffusion current at -1.6 volts; the precision was &2 mg. per liter of sample in an elapsed time of 15 minutes. Luft (102) determined the oxygen content of gases by passing them through tubes kept in magnetic fields of different intensities, voltage being proportional t o the oxygen concentration of the sample. Cipriano and Riggs (23) determined oxygen in flue gas from a catalytic cracking unit regenerator, by instrumentation employing the paramagnetic properties of oxygen for the measurement. MeArthur (105) determined low concentrations of oxygen in gases by the change in chromous ion concentration of dilute solutions of chromous chloride through which measured volumes of gas sample were passed. Taylor and .4lexander (16%) compared the results for oxygen in buta-

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Detrmination of Carbon-Hydrogen Groups in High Molecular Weight Hydrocarbons by Near-Infrared Absortion

Abstract: a portion of the thesis submitted by Dewey Robert Levering to the Graduate School of Illinois Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree, August 1950.

Cited by 37 publications

References 13 publications

Near Infrared Spectroscopy: fundamentals, practical aspects and analytical applications

Near Infrared Spectroscopy: fundamentals, practical aspects and analytical applications

Scope and Utility of a New Soluble Copper Catalyst [CuBr−LiSPh−LiBr−THF]: A Comparison with Other Copper Catalysts in Their Ability to Couple One Equivalent of a Grignard Reagent with an Alkyl Sulfonate

Petroleum

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