Detrital U–Pb rutile and zircon data show Indus River sediment dominantly eroded from East Karakoram, not Nanga Parbat

Clift, Peter D.; Mark, Chris; Alizai, Anwar; Khan, Hawas; Jan, M. Qasim

doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117873

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Modern river 40 Ar/ 39 Ar mica data from the Indus trunk river at its mouth at Thatta show Plio-Pleistocene grains (5-1 Ma) that are indicative of rapid exhumation (Clift et al, 2004). Recording of these young grains in the trunk river but not in the tributaries draining only the Indian plate or Indian plate plus Hindu Kush (Clift et al, 2004;Najman et al, 2009;Zhuang et al, 2018) is consistent with the viewpoints of, for example, Chirouze et al (2015) and Clift et al (2022), that the Karakoram and/ or the Nanga Parbat syntaxis supplied this young material. Lag times determined from mica data from the Neogene peripheral foreland basin sedimentary rocks show no clear indication of rapid exhumation of the micas' source region after 16-14 Ma (Fig.…”

Section: What Caused the Change In Thesupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Formation rocks at Balakot, Muzaffarabad, and Kotli in the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis and at Murree Hill station (Awais et al, 2021;Ding et al, 2016a;Qasim et al, 2018) and modern river data collected at the Main Central Thrust-correlative (Khairabad Thrust) at the range front at Attock (Alizai et al, 2011;Clift et al, 2022; Fig. 1B).…”

Section: Detrital Zircon U-pb Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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When did the Indus River of South-Central Asia take on its “modern” drainage configuration?

Najman,

et al.

2023

Preprint

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Section: What Caused the Change In Thesupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Detrital Zircon U-pb Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

When did the Indus River of South-Central Asia take on its “modern” drainage configuration?

Najman,

et al.

2023

Preprint

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“…Titanite was separated from the same samples for which detrital rutile and zircon U‐Pb data were previously reported by Clift et al. (2022).…”

Section: Data Set and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, we also report data from detrital titanite collected from the bedload of modern glacial outwash streams draining the Nanga Parbat-Haramosh syntaxial massif in the western Himalaya (Table S5, https://zenodo.org/ doi/10.5281/zenodo.8144344). Titanite was separated from the same samples for which detrital rutile and zircon U-Pb data were previously reported by Clift et al (2022).…”

Section: New Bedrock and Detrital Titanite Compositional Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive Models for Detrital Titanite Provenance With Application to the Nanga Parbat—Haramosh Syntaxial Massif, Western Himalaya

O’Sullivan,

Scibiorski,

Mark

2024

JGR Earth Surface

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Titanite is a versatile recorder of crystallization age, temperature, and host lithology, via the U–Pb system, the Zr‐in‐Ttn thermometer, and elemental composition, respectively. The paragenesis of titanite renders it especially useful for tracing detritus derived from lithologies that are infertile for the commonly used detrital zircon U‐Pb chronometer, such as sub‐anatectic metamorphism of calc‐silicates. Despite these advantages, detrital titanite analysis is underemployed, in part because the U–Pb system in titanite is often complicated by the incorporation of both inherited radiogenic Pb from precursor minerals during metamorphic reactions, and also bulk crustal common‐Pb. Recent systematic analyses of large titanite compositional data sets from diverse source rocks have revealed that the elemental composition of titanite is provenance‐specific. Here, we apply a workflow that incorporates a machine‐learning classifier to a large and representative compositional database for titanite, encompassing >11,000 analyses, with c. 6,700 points passed to our model. Only medians of the subcompositions for 205 rocks are used for our model. We reliably discriminate (>90%) between metamorphic and igneous titanite. Application of this classifier to a detrital case study from the Nanga Parbat‐Haramosh syntaxial massif of the western Himalaya reveals that titanite of different compositions formed during different orogenic events. Furthermore, titanite with significant common Pb solely derives from medium/low grade metasedimentary rocks. The method described here offers a pathway to increase the specificity of the provenance information derived from titanite; however, the published corpus of titanite data will have to be much larger before multi‐class source‐rock discrimination can be achieved reliably.

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“…The latter is consistent with a range of mechanical models (Bendick & Ehlers, 2014; Burg & Podladchikov, 1999) and emphasizes the importance of strike‐slip structures in the formation of the Namche Barwa antiform (Burg et al, 1998). The “tectonic aneurysm” model has been partially disputed for the Western Himalayan Syntaxis, where the main erosional foci are located in the Karakorum Belt rather than in the Nanga Parbat Massif cut by the Indus River (Clift et al, 2022; Garzanti et al, 2020), but it may retain full validity for the Eastern Himalayan syntaxis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The extraordinary Namche Barwa sediment factory in the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis

Dong

Garzanti

et al. 2023

Basin Research

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The Namche Barwa Syntaxis (NBS) is one of the most productive detrital factories on Earth. Previous studies have shown that the NBS supplies large amounts of sediment to the Brahmaputra River, although the sources and controlling factors of sediment production have not been ascertained in detail. This study presents petrographic and heavy‐mineral data for 43 sand samples collected in the Yarlung and Parlung river catchments covering the entire NBS and surrounding areas. Combined with U–Pb ages of detrital zircons, our data indicate that 89 ± 11% of Yarlung River sediments downstream of the NBS are produced in the Yarlung and Parlung gorges. The annual sediment flux of the Yarlung River increases by a factor of 20 within ca. 250 km from upstream of the NBS (ca. 10 Mt) to downstream (ca. 200 Mt/a). The Yarlung and Parlung gorges, representing only ca. 1% of the Yarlung‐Brahmaputra catchment area, contribute 74 ± 9% of the total Brahmaputra sediment flux. Average interannual erosion rates in the Yarlung and Parlung gorges corresponding to these fluxes are calculated to be 9.2 ± 1.2 mm/a and 6.5 ± 2.1 mm/a respectively. Focused erosion of the Namche Barwa Complex and Yarlung Suture Zone in the gorge, where high‐grade metamorphic rocks are exposed, is a consequence of high channel steepness (ksn values up to 800–1800), high stream power and extreme events including frequent earthquakes and landslides. The coupling between surface erosion and tectonic uplift in the Yarlung Gorge is in full agreement with the tectonic aneurism model of NBS evolution.

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Detrital U–Pb rutile and zircon data show Indus River sediment dominantly eroded from East Karakoram, not Nanga Parbat

Cited by 7 publications

References 49 publications

When did the Indus River of South-Central Asia take on its “modern” drainage configuration?

When did the Indus River of South-Central Asia take on its “modern” drainage configuration?

Predictive Models for Detrital Titanite Provenance With Application to the Nanga Parbat—Haramosh Syntaxial Massif, Western Himalaya

The extraordinary Namche Barwa sediment factory in the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis

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