Detoxification of poly(methyl methacrylate) bone cement by natural antioxidant intervention

Abstract

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement is the most widely used grouting material in the joint arthroplasties and vertebroplasties. The present investigation has been carried out to scavenge the radicals and monomer by addition of an antioxidant to minimize the toxicity of bone cement (BC). The in silico studies were employed to determine the potent natural antioxidant at physiological conditions. The antioxidant methionine demonstrated a strong binding affinity with free radicals and methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer than cysteine. The designated amount of methionine was optimized by various assay methods and >2% methionine shows strong scavenging capacity in BC. Moreover, the antioxidant‐loaded BC (ABC) demonstrated similar handling, physicochemical and mechanical properties to pristine bone cement. Significantly, the developed formulation shows superior biological characteristics such as cell proliferation (2 ± 1 BC and 6 ± 1 ABC), adhesion (0.32 ± 0.02 BC and 0.54 ± 0.01 ABC), and cell viability (81 ± 2% BC and 93 ± 1% ABC) toward human osteoblast‐like cells (MG‐63). Therefore, the novel antioxidant bone cement is a potential candidate for various orthopedic applications to eliminate the adverse effects, related to residual toxic radical and monomer in bone cement.

The Effect of TBB, as an Initiator, on the Biological Compatibility of PMMA/MMA Bone Cement

“…Oxidative stress induced by the production of free radicals during PMMA polymerization may be a primary cause [7,17,22,23]. Although radical or non-radical reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important components in various metabolic activities in the human body, they are harmful and trigger inflammatory reactions and functional damages at the cellular and tissue levels [24][25][26], once it is overproduced or when an imbalance between the ROS and antioxidant redox system is triggered. Specifically, free radicals and oxidative stress derived from bone cements lead to a significant reduction in the cell viability, proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of osteoblasts [25][26][27][28][29][30].…”

Mechanical reinforcement of granular hydrogels

“…Residual free radicals can induce oxidative stress on human tissues, which is associated to serious chronic diseases such as cancer and osteoporosis. 57 3.1.2 Click chemistry reactions. Click chemistry reactions occur between two well-dened chemical moieties that covalently bind to each other when they approach each other.…”

“…Residual free radicals can induce oxidative stress on human tissues, which is associated to serious chronic diseases such as cancer and osteoporosis. 57 …”

Bioactive graphene oxide-functionalized self-expandable hydrophilic and osteogenic nanocomposite for orthopaedic applications

“…Additionly, monomers are thought to be one of the causes of bone cement implantation syndrome (BCIS) in clinical applications, which is a severe perioperative complication characterized by hypoxia, arterial and pulmonary hypertension, and even death [ 20 , 21 ]. Therefore, many alternative methods have been introduced to scavenge radicals, such as the addition of antioxidants such as N -acetyl cysteine and methionine [ [22] , [23] , [24] ] and the replacement of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the polymerization initiator by tri- n -butyl borane to reduce free radical production [ 25 , 26 ]. Moreover, hydrophilic substances, such as hydroxyethyl methacrylate, have been applied to partially replace and thus reduce the total amount of MMA monomer [ 26 , 27 ].…”