Detoxification of Mycotoxins through Biotransformation

Li, Peng; Su, Ruixue; Yin, Ruya; Lai, Daowan; Wang, Mingan; Liu, Yang; Zhou, Ligang

doi:10.3390/toxins12020121

Cited by 84 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 181 publications

(541 reference statements)

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“…In the gut, ochratoxin α (OTα), a major metabolite and is formed by carboxypeptidases, which cleave the peptide bond in OTA [ 34 ]. Other types of major metabolites of OTA are 4-hydroxy-ochratoxin A (4-OH-OTA) and 10-hydroxyochratoxin A (10-OH-OTA) have been identified from the urine of rats and are also produced by human, pigs, goat, chicken, rat, and rabbit liver microsomes or human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro [ 142 , 143 , 144 ]. Most of the metabolites of OTA, such as OTα, OTB, 4-OH-OTA, and 10-OH-OTA, are less toxic than the original compound [ 129 , 139 ].…”

Section: Biotransformation Of Mycotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins: Biotransformation and Bioavailability Assessment Using Caco-2 Cell Monolayer

Tran

Viktorová

Ruml

2020

Toxins

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The determination of mycotoxins content in food is not sufficient for the prediction of their potential in vivo cytotoxicity because it does not reflect their bioavailability and mutual interactions within complex matrices, which may significantly alter the toxic effects. Moreover, many mycotoxins undergo biotransformation and metabolization during the intestinal absorption process. Biotransformation is predominantly the conversion of mycotoxins meditated by cytochrome P450 and other enzymes. This should transform the toxins to nontoxic metabolites but it may possibly result in unexpectedly high toxicity. Therefore, the verification of biotransformation and bioavailability provides valuable information to correctly interpret occurrence data and biomonitoring results. Among all of the methods available, the in vitro models using monolayer formed by epithelial cells from the human colon (Caco-2 cell) have been extensively used for evaluating the permeability, bioavailability, intestinal transport, and metabolism of toxic and biologically active compounds. Here, the strengths and limitations of both in vivo and in vitro techniques used to determine bioavailability are reviewed, along with current detailed data about biotransformation of mycotoxins. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of mycotoxin effects is also discussed regarding the disorder of intestinal barrier integrity induced by mycotoxins.

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Section: Biotransformation Of Mycotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins: Biotransformation and Bioavailability Assessment Using Caco-2 Cell Monolayer

Tran

Viktorová

Ruml

2020

Toxins

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“…Citrinin (CTN/CIT) is produced by three different genera of fungi: Aspergillus, Penicillium , and Monascus [ 9 , 12 , 18 , 19 ]. Several research data have described the toxicity of this secondary metabolite in the kidneys, liver, and the immune system [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Furthermore, citrinin may cause DNA damage and cancer [ 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Mycotoxins on Animals’ Oxidative Status

et al. 2021

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Mycotoxins appear to be the “Achilles’ heel” of the agriculture sector inducing enormous economic losses and representing a severe risk to the health of humans and animals. Although novel determination protocols have been developed and legislation has been implemented within Europe, the side effects of mycotoxins on the homeostatic mechanisms of the animals have not been extensively considered. Feed mycotoxin contamination and the effects on the antioxidant status of livestock (poultry, swine, and ruminants) are presented. The findings support the idea that the antioxidant systems in both monogastrics and ruminants are challenged under the detrimental effect of mycotoxins by increasing the toxic lipid peroxidation by-product malondialdehyde (MDA) and inhibiting the activity of antioxidant defense mechanisms. The degree of oxidative stress is related to the duration of contamination, co-contamination, the synergetic effects, toxin levels, animal age, species, and productive stage. Since the damaging effects of MDA and other by-products derived by lipid peroxidation as well as reactive oxygen species have been extensively studied on human health, a more integrated monitoring mechanism (which will take into account the oxidative stability) is urgently required to be implemented in animal products.

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“…It can be broken chemically only in strong alkalis or oxidants, the use of which is quite limited because of the obvious drawbacks [12]. In contrast to steroid hormones, ZEN is a nonsteroidal compound (a macrocyclic lactone of β-resorcylic acid [13]), but possesses a high estrogenic activity, disrupts the functioning of reproductive and endocrine systems in humans and animals [10,11], as well as suppresses the immunity [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since ZEN is a feed and food contaminant of a considerable concern, the development of methods for its effective detoxification, which would provide keeping the quality of the treated feedstuffs and minimally affect the environment, is of a special attention. A large cluster of such investigations is focused on ZEN transformation or degradation to non-estrogenic derivatives [10,13] using microbes [16][17][18][19][20] or isolated enzymes [1,[21][22][23][24], especially lactonase (lactonohydrolase) from Clonostachys rosea [25][26][27]. The enzyme ability to open the lactone ring in a toxin molecule and to deprive the ZEN of the estrogenic activity is well documented [19,[28][29][30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Zearalenone Degradation in Model Solutions and Infected Wheat Grain Using a Novel Heterologous Lactonohydrolase Secreted by Recombinant Penicillium canescens

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et al. 2020

Toxins

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This paper reports the first results on obtaining an enzyme preparation that might be promising for the simultaneous decontamination of plant feeds contaminated with a polyketide fusariotoxin, zearalenone (ZEN), and enhancing the availability of their nutritional components. A novel ZEN-specific lactonohydrolase (ZHD) was expressed in a Penicillium canescens strain PCA-10 that was developed previously as a producer of different hydrolytic enzymes for feed biorefinery. The recombinant ZHD secreted by transformed fungal clones into culture liquid was shown to remove the toxin from model solutions, and was able to decontaminate wheat grain artificially infected with a zearalenone-producing Fusarium culmorum. The dynamics of ZEN degradation depending on the temperature and pH of the incubation media was investigated, and the optimal values of these parameters (pH 8.5, 30 °C) for the ZHD-containing enzyme preparation (PR-ZHD) were determined. Under these conditions, the 3 h co-incubation of ZEN and PR-ZHD resulted in a complete removal of the toxin from the model solutions, while the PR-ZHD addition (8 mg/g of dried grain) to flour samples prepared from the infected ZEN-polluted grain (about 16 µg/g) completely decontaminated the samples after an overnight exposure.

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Detoxification of Mycotoxins through Biotransformation

Cited by 84 publications

References 181 publications

Mycotoxins: Biotransformation and Bioavailability Assessment Using Caco-2 Cell Monolayer

Mycotoxins: Biotransformation and Bioavailability Assessment Using Caco-2 Cell Monolayer

Impact of Mycotoxins on Animals’ Oxidative Status

Effective Zearalenone Degradation in Model Solutions and Infected Wheat Grain Using a Novel Heterologous Lactonohydrolase Secreted by Recombinant Penicillium canescens

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