Detoxification of jojoba meal

Verbiscar, Anthony J.; Banigan, Thomas F.; Weber, Charles W.; Reid, B. L.; Trei, John Earl; Nelson, Edward A.; Raffauf, Robert F.; Kosersky, Donald

doi:10.1021/jf60229a007

Cited by 65 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 9 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Ryan (26) has proposed that these inhibitors may act as storage proteins, as a mask for preexisting plant proteases in the seed or to protect the seed from animal and microbial attack. The presence ofanimal digestive-proteinase inhibitors in jojoba seed extracts and meal may have important implications in the use of jojoba meal for feed and could clarify conflicting and unexplained data reported from studies of the toxic effect of the meal in animal feeding experiments (13,32 and references therein). Since the meal may be heat-treated to inactivate other toxins (32), and in our studies, heat inactivated the trypsin inhibitor, its presence in the meal may not be a major obstacle to its commercial use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteolytic and Trypsin Inhibitor Activity in Germinating Jojoba Seeds (Simmondsia chinensis)

Samac¹,

Storey²

1981

Plant Physiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Changes in proteolytic activity (aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, endopeptidase) were followed during germination (imbibition through seedling development) in extracts from cotyledons of jojoba seeds (Simmondsia chinensis). After imbibition, the cotyledons contained high levels of sulfhydryl aminopeptidase activity (APA) but low levels of serine carboxypeptidase activity (CPA). CPA increased with germination through the apparent loss of a CPA inhibitor substance in the seed. Curves showing changes in endopeptidase activity (EPA) assayed at pH 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 during germination were distinctly different. EPA at pH 4, 5, 6, and 7 showed characteristics of sulfhydryl enzymes while activity at pH 8 was probably due to a serine type enzyme. EPA at pH 6 was inhibited early in germination by one or more substances in the seed. Activities at pH 5 and later at pH 6 were the highest of all EPA throughout germination and increases in these activities were associated with a rapid loss of protein from the cotyledons of the developing seedling.Jojoba cotyledonary extracts were found to inhibit the enzymic activity of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin but not the protease from Aspergillus saotoi The heat-labile trypsin inhibitor substance(s) was found in commercially processed jojoba seed meal and the albumin fraction of seed proteins. Trypsin inhibitor activity decreased with germination.The female jojoba shrub (Simmondsia chinensis [Link] Schneider) produces numerous seeds which contain about half of their fresh weight as a unique liquid wax (13). Primarily because of the economic value of this liquid wax, the native Sonoran Desert plant is the subject of intense study to improve productivity in cultivation (13,34 Aminopeptidase and Carboxypeptidase) in Germinating Jojoba Cotyledons. Uniform seedlings were harvested at 3-day intervals; the cotyledons were removed and chopped with a razor blade. The minced cotyledons were homogenized with a Polytron Homogenizer (speed setting 8) for 1 min in 8.0 ml/g fresh weight 25 mm citrate-phosphate buffer containing 5.0 mm ME (pH 7.2). The homogenate was filtered through Miracloth and centrifuged at 10,000g for 10 min. The resulting supernatant was used directly for endopeptidase and aminopeptidase assays. For carboxypeptidase assays, the supernatant was dialyzed overnight against the above buffer. All preceding steps were carried out at 0 to 5°C. Duplicate assays for each enzyme were conducted on two separate extractions. Results were reproducible.Endopeptidase Assay. EPA was assayed with Azocoll (Calbiochem) as the substrate. Reaction mixtures contained 2.0 ml extract and 5.0 mg Azocoll in 2.0 ml 0.1 M citrate-phosphate buffer containing 5.0 mM ME. Assays were conducted at pH 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 as determined at the beginning and end of each assay. The reaction was incubated at 45°C for 2 h with vigorous shaking (about 250 rpm). The reaction was terminated by removing the undigested substrate through centrifugation (7) followed by the addition of an equal volume of 4.0%o ...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteolytic and Trypsin Inhibitor Activity in Germinating Jojoba Seeds (Simmondsia chinensis)

Samac¹,

Storey²

1981

Plant Physiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Also, jojoba oil has applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and numerous other products. The residue (meal) that remains after extraction of oil from the seeds contains from 26 to 33% crude protein [6,7] and would increase the economic value of this crop if it could be used as a feed ingredient.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compounds other than simmondsin including poly phenolics, phytic acid and trypsin inhibitors, may be contributing to impaired feed intake and body weight gain of animals fed diets contain Jojoba seeds meal [13,14,1516]. Some authors consider simmondsins to be toxic, probably after metabolism by gut microorganisms [13,6]. In contrast, The USA Food and Drug Administration approved simmondin as safe for human use and animal feed [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Replacing Soybean Meal with Jojoba Meal in Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) Diets on Fish Performance

Saleh¹

2015

AJLS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:The study aimed to investigate the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) by treated, either by heat (HJM) or by boiling (BJM), Jojoba meal (JM), to eliminate the negative effects of antinutritional factors, at 10, 20 and 30% replacing levels in diets of sea bream (Sparus aurata)) fingerlings on growth performance, nutrient utilization, body biochemical composition, middle intestine morphology and measuring of some hematological parameters of sea bream. Results indicated an enhancement in growth and feed utilization for all fish groups fed boiled followed by heated jojoba meal at 20% inclusion level compared to the control and other tested fish groups. Results of fish biochemical analyses indicate significant increase in crude protein contents in fish fed 10 and 20% HJM and 20% BJM. The present results also showed obvious increment in lipid contents as the level of JM inclusion level increase. Serum total protein, albumin and globulin levels indicated no negative effects when soybean meal was partially replaced by jojoba meal. Also, results indicate pronounced gradual decrease in serum cholesterol levels coincided with an increase in triglyceride. Middle intestine morphology examination showed significant variations in thickness of muscularis layer, villi length and width and also number of goblet cells.

show abstract

“…These toxicants could be removed (Verbiscar et al, 1980) and the meal could be used as livestock feed ingredient (Abbott et al, 1999). Simmondsins have insecticidal, antifeedant and antifungal activities (Abbassy et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%