Detoxication mechanisms in man

Abstract

Many of the reactions which foreign compounds undergo in the commonMuch of the information available concerning the metabolism of drugs and toxic substances has been obtained from studies on common laboratory animals, particularly the rat and the rabbit. so Studies in man have been made, but for obvious reasons they are scanty and often incomplete. Investigations in this field on laboratory animals are usually carried out for the purpose of translating the results to man, but it is now becoming clear that because of the occurrence not only of species differences but also of strain, sex, and age differences in drug metabolism, there is considerable uncertainty as to how far results obtained with animals can be applied Received for publication July 23, 1962. 234to man. The screening of drugs and the testing of the safety of potentially toxic substances, such as food additives, are normally carried out on mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and cats, and it is on data from such experiments that the decision to use these substances in man often depends. Recent work on drug metabolism has revealed many striking differences between animal species, and, therefore, one begins to wonder how different man is from laboratory animals in this respect. This question can only be answered by more experiments on man, and by an extension of the comparative aspects of drug metabolism, with the hope that one can find out which species or strain of animal is nearest to man or which combination of species and strains

Susceptibility of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidea) to gamma-cyhalothrin under laboratory conditions

“…The biotransformation (substances able to neutralize, inactivate, or eliminate foreign organic substances, including poisons or to avoid toxic damage) may involve oxidation, reduction, hydrolytic processes, and synthetic or conjugative reactions (Williams, 1959). Yu (1987) reported higher amount of the detoxication enzymes (microsomal oxidases and esterases) in predatory stinkbugs than in its prey what indicates mechanism of tolerance to insecticides in pentatomids.…”

The effects of age and sex on the disposition of acetylsalicylic acid and its metabolites.

“…Strong age and sex effects were found to influence the maximal metabolizing activity of salicyluric acid (Vmax). Williams (1963) has suggested that glycine conjugation which leads to the formation of salicyluric acid is impaired in man by old age. Results in the present study indicate that females have an intrinsically lower metabolic activity than males and impairment of this activity progresses in both sex groups with age.…”

New Trends in Cytochrome P450 Research at the Half-Century Mark

“…In a sense, the field of cytochrome P450 research first began in the 1940s with observations on oxygenation reactions in the metabolism of drugs, steroids, and carcinogens (1)(2)(3). Although P450 spectra had been reported in 1958 (4, 5), P450 was not really first characterized until the publication of a communication by Tsuneo Omura and Ryo Sato in The Journal of Biological Chemistry in 1962 (6), followed by two extensive papers in 1964 (7,8).…”