Determining water sources in the boundary layer from tall tower profiles of water vapor and surface water isotope ratios after a snowstorm in Colorado

Noone, David; Risi, Camille; Bailey, Adriana; Berkelhammer, Max; Brown, Douglas A.; Buenning, N. H.; Gregory, S.; Nusbaumer, Jesse; Schneider, David P.; Sykes, J. F.; Vanderwende, Brian Joseph; Wong, J.; Meillier, Yannick; Wolfe, D. E.

doi:10.5194/acp-13-1607-2013

Cited by 53 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…The HDO depletion from 2 to 4 March 2007 corresponds to the conden-X. Zhao et al: Cyclone-induced surface ozone and HDO depletion in the Arctic (Keeling, 1958;Miller and Tans, 2003;Noone et al, 2013) can be used to estimate the δD and/or sublimation flux of blowing snow. However, isotopologue measurements for precipitation at the source region (for example, near the Beaufort Sea) are necessary to validate the results and to make meaningful comparison of measured with modelled sublimation flux.…”

Section: Model Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclone-induced surface ozone and HDO depletion in the Arctic

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Ground-based, satellite, and reanalysis datasets were used to identify two similar cyclone-induced surface ozone depletion events at Eureka, Canada (80.1 • N, 86.4 • W), in March 2007 and April 2011. These two events were coincident with observations of hydrogen deuterium oxide (HDO) depletion, indicating that condensation and sublimation occurred during the transport of the ozonedepleted air masses. Ice clouds (vapour and crystals) and aerosols were detected by lidar and radar when the ozoneand HDO-depleted air masses arrived over Eureka. For the 2007 event, an ice cloud layer was coincident with an aloft ozone depletion layer at 870 m altitude on 2-3 March, indicating this ice cloud layer contained bromine-enriched blowing-snow particles. Over the following 3 days, a shallow surface ozone depletion event (ODE) was observed at Eureka after the precipitation of bromine-enriched particles onto the local snowpack. A chemistry-climate model (UKCA) and a chemical transport model (pTOMCAT) were used to simulate the surface ozone depletion events. Incorporating the latest surface snow salinity data obtained for the Weddell Sea into the models resulted in improved agreement between the modelled and measured BrO concentrations above Eureka. MERRA-2 global reanalysis data and the FLEXPART particle dispersion model were used to study the link between the ozone and HDO depletion. In general, the modelled ozone and BrO showed good agreement with the ground-based observations; however, the modelled BrO and ozone in the nearsurface layer are quite sensitive to the snow salinity. HDO depletion observed during these two blowing-snow ODEs was found to be weaker than pure Rayleigh fractionation. This work provides evidence of a blowing-snow sublimation process, which is a key step in producing bromine-enriched seasalt aerosol.

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Section: Model Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclone-induced surface ozone and HDO depletion in the Arctic

et al. 2017

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“…The isotope partitioning approaches utilized a two end-member (E and T) mixing model, where R is the ratio of the heavy to light isotope (in this case, 18 O/ 16 O) [Yakir and Sternberg, 2000]: To solve this equation, estimates of the isotopic ratio of the ET, E, and T fluxes are needed. At both sites, the former is solved for using a modified "Keeling plot" approach as described by Noone et al [2013]. The data from each height were binned on hourly time steps to generate vertical profiles, and the three uppermost inlets (above the canopy) were used to estimate the isotopic ratio of the canopy's latent heat flux ( 18 O ET ).…”

Section: Isotope Partitioning Approach 2321 Niwot Ridgementioning

confidence: 99%

Convergent approaches to determine an ecosystem's transpiration fraction

Berkelhammer

Noone

Wong

et al. 2016

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

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The transpiration (T) fraction of total terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET), T/ET, can vary across ecosystems between 20–95% with a global average of ∼60%. The wide range may either reflect true heterogeneity between ecosystems and/or uncertainties in the techniques used to derive this property. Here we compared independent approaches to estimate T/ET at two needleleaf forested sites with a factor of 3 difference in leaf area index (LAI). The first method utilized water vapor isotope profiles and the second derived transpiration through its functional relationship with gross primary production. We found strong agreement between T/ET values from these two independent approaches although we noted a discrepancy at low vapor pressure deficits (VPD). We hypothesize that this divergence arises because stomatal conductance is independent of humidity at low VPD. Overall, we document significant synoptic‐scale T/ET variability but minimal growing season‐scale variability. This result indicates a high sensitivity of T/ET to passing weather but convergence toward a stable mean state, which is set by LAI. While changes in T/ET could emerge from a myriad of processes, including aboveground (LAI) or belowground (rooting depth) changes, there was only minimal interannual variability and no secular trend in our analysis of T/ET from the 15 year eddy covariance time series at Niwot Ridge. If the lack of trend observed here is apparent elsewhere, it suggests that the processes controlling the T and E fluxes are coupled in a way to maintain a stable ratio.

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“…The ability of this simple model to describe our data and the possible contribution of regional advection is then discussed. The original Keeling approach (Keeling, 1958) was initially proposed to describe the addition of CO 2 into the atmosphere, and then further used to determine the isotopic composition of evapotranspired vapour flux (Yakir and Sternberg, 2000;Yepez et al, 2003;Williams et al, 2004;Zhang et al, 2010;Noone et al, 2011Noone et al, , 2013Griffis et al, 2013). Assuming a background represented by an initial air quantity with a mixing ratio q BG (mmol mol −1 ), and taking n A (mol) the corresponding dry air amount, the addition of water vapour n E (mmol) leads to the following mixing equation:…”

Section: Local Isotopic Signaturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deuterium excess in the atmospheric water vapour of a Mediterranean coastal wetland: regional vs. local signatures

2015

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Abstract. Stable isotopes of water vapour represent a powerful tool for tracing atmospheric vapour origin and mixing processes. Laser spectrometry recently allowed high timeresolution measurements, but despite an increasing number of experimental studies, there is still a need for a better understanding of the isotopic signal variability at different time scales. We present results of in situ measurements of δ 18 O and δD during 36 consecutive days in summer 2011 in atmospheric vapour of a Mediterranean coastal wetland exposed to high evaporation (Camargue, Rhône River delta, France). The mean composition of atmospheric vapour (δ v ) is δ 18 O = −14.66 ‰ and δD = −95.4 ‰, with data plotting clearly above the local meteoric water line on a δ 18 O-δD plot, and an average deuterium excess (d) of 21.9 ‰. Important diurnal d variations are observed, and an hourly time scale analysis is necessary to interpret the main processes involved in its variability. After having classified the data according to air mass back trajectories, we analyse the average daily cycles relating to the two main meteorological situations, i.e. air masses originating from North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. In both situations, we show that diurnal fluctuations are driven by (1) the influence of local evaporation, culminating during daytime, and leading to an increase in absolute water vapour concentration associated to a δ v enrichment and d increase; (2) vertical air mass redistribution when the Planetary Boundary Layer collapses in the evening, leading to a d decrease, and (3) dew formation during the night, producing a δ v depletion with d remaining stable. Using a twocomponent mixing model, we calculate the average composition of the locally evaporated vapour (δ E ). We find higher d (E) under North Atlantic air mass conditions, which is consistent with lower humidity conditions. We also suggest that δ v measured when the PBL collapses is the most representative of a regional signal. Strong, cold and dry winds coming from the north bring an isotopically depleted vapour, while light, warm and wet winds coming from the south bring an isotopically enriched vapour. Under northern conditions, a strong advection rate dilutes the contribution of the locally evaporated vapour (δ E ) to the ambient moisture (δ v ). The higher d values measured under northern conditions, compared to the Mediterranean situation, thus results from the combination of a higher d in both local and regional vapour. This depiction of typical daily cycles of water vapour isotopic composition can be used as a framework for further quantitative analyses of vapour sources during specific days.

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Determining water sources in the boundary layer from tall tower profiles of water vapor and surface water isotope ratios after a snowstorm in Colorado

Cited by 53 publications

References 74 publications

Cyclone-induced surface ozone and HDO depletion in the Arctic

Cyclone-induced surface ozone and HDO depletion in the Arctic

Convergent approaches to determine an ecosystem's transpiration fraction

Deuterium excess in the atmospheric water vapour of a Mediterranean coastal wetland: regional vs. local signatures

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