Determining the Gestational Age of Crioulo Mares Based on a Fetal Ocular Measure

Hartwig, F.P.; Antunez, Lucas; Santos, Rodrigo S. dos; Lisboa, Fernando Paixão; Pfeifer, Luiz Francisco Machado; Nogueira, Carlos Eduardo Wayne; Curcio, Bruna da Rosa

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2012.08.203

Cited by 9 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…This suggests that mares presenting this deformity can be breed normally, since the foal did not present any congenital abnormality and the mare's condition showed no interference in the foal's survival. The assessment of the fetal orbit and aorta diameter revealed a linear increase of both variables with the progress of gestation, suggesting a normal development of the foal, which is in agreement with previous studies [4,12]. According to Bucca [4], fetal aorta diameter is the parameter that correlates most closely with fetal size and birth weight.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

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Gestation in a Mare with Facial Deviation (Wry Nose)

Mousquer

Müller

Pazinato

et al. 2019

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Wry nose is a congenital deformity that causes respiratory obstruction and decreased oxygenation rate. Gestation in a wry nose mare may be considered a risk to the neonate since it depends on the maternal environment for development. Compromised oxygenation during pregnancy can lead to fetal distress and cause consequences on fetal development. However, depending on the degree of the impairment, the fetus may still be able to adapt. The aim of the present study was to report the gestation in a mare with facial deviation until term and to assess blood gases in the mare and neonate, and to evaluate the histomorphometry of the placenta. Case: A Criollo breed mare presenting facial deviation (Wry Nose) was donated to Equine Medicine Research Group (ClinEq) of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel) due to the presence of the physical deformity. When the mare was five years old, it was inseminated and had a pregnancy confirmed. At the fifth month of gestation, evaluation of fetal aorta diameter, fetal orbital diameter and combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) started to be performed monthly to assess gestation health. The assessment of the fetal orbit and aorta diameter revealed a linear increase of both variables with the progress of gestation indicating a normal fetal development. CTUP remained in the normal reference range, presenting no alterations during the gestational length. The mare foaled at 324 days of gestation a coat showing no congenital deformities. The foaling was monitored until the complete passage of fetal membranes. A complete clinical and hematological evaluation of the foal was carried out after birth. The foal showed normal adaptive behavior, clinical and hematological parameters during the first hours of life, although presenting physical signs of immaturity. Venous blood samples were collected from the mare at 315 days of gestation, immediately after foaling and 24 h post-partum for lactate and blood gas analysis. Mild changes were observed in the mare's blood gas analysis at foaling that were compensated within 24 h post-partum. Venous blood samples were collected from the umbilical cord and from the foal after birth, at 12 and 24 h post-partum to measure blood gases and lactate. The newborn foal presented respiratory acidosis immediately after birth, which was metabolically compensated at 24 h post-partum. Both mare's and foal's lactate evaluation were within the normal reference ranges. After expulsion of the placenta, samples from the gravid horn, uterine body and non-gravid horn were collected for histological and histomorphometric evaluation. In the histological evaluation, avillous areas were detected in the gravid horn and uterine body and mild hypoplasia was found in the uterine body. Placental histomorphometry revealed larger total microcotiledonary and capillary areas on the non-gravid horn when compared to the remaining areas of the placenta (gravid horn and uterine body). No abnormalities on the placental vasculature were detected. Discussion: To date,...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The measurement of the CTUP was performed as previously described [22]. The fetal orbit was measured according to the technique described by Hartwig et al [12], while fetal aorta measurement was performed by transabdominal ultrasonography with convex transducer (3.5MHz) [5].…”

Section: Gestation and Parturitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gestation in a Mare with Facial Deviation (Wry Nose)

Mousquer

Müller

Pazinato

et al. 2019

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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“…Two different approaches have been used for the prediction of parturition in horses using ocular measurements. Turner et al 2006 used days before parturition to predict parturition date in pony mares, while several other authors have used age of gestation (Kahn & Leidl 1987;Hendriks et al 2009;Hartwig et al 2012). The days before parturition approach takes into consideration the natural variation in gestation length, while age of gestation is the common predictor of foaling when ovulation date is known; therefore, clinicians are more familiar with the last parameter.…”

Section: Regression Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Differences in growth patterns were described in various studies, evidencing either a linear growth pattern in Crioulo horses (Hartwig et al 2012), light horses (Kahn & Leidl 1987), and standardbreds, (Lanci et al 2018) or a curvilinear pattern in Dutch Warmbloods (Hendriks et al 2009), light horses, ponies (Turner et al 2006), and Thoroughbreds (Murase et al 2014). Although different growth patterns may be due to the methodology implemented in each study, an evident variation in size and development pattern of the fetal ocular orbit has been pointed out, even in breeds of similar size (Kahn & Leidl 1987;Renaudin et al 2000;Turner et al 2006;Hendriks et al 2009, Hartwig et al 2012. Since there is no data for every breed, extrapolation from horses of similar sizes has been a common practice in field veterinarians, leading to not very accurate predictions of parturition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of ultrasonographic ocular measures to determine age of gestation in mares of different breeds has been assessed by different authors, with the purpose of obtaining an approximate date of parturition as precise as possible to implement management measures and improve foal survival rate. Different fetal eye measurements such as the sum of width and length (Renaudin et al 2000;Bucca et al 2005;Turner et al 2006;Hendriks et al 2009), approximate eye volume (Renaudin et al 2000;Hendriks et al 2009), and vitreous body length (Kahn & Leidl 1987;Turner et al 2006;Hartwig et al 2012) have been studied, the latter being the best single predictor for age of gestation (Turner et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Medición ultrasonográfica del largo del cuerpo vítreo fetal equino para predecir los días para el parto en caballos Pura Raza Española

Razquin-Echeverriarza

McCue

Cappella-Flores³

et al. 2019

Ciencias Veterinarias

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Ultrasonographic measurement of the equine fetal vitreous body length for predicting days to parturition in Pura Raza Española horses Medición ultrasonográfica del largo del cuerpo vítreo fetal equino para predecir los días para el parto en caballos Pura Raza Española Medição ultrassonográfica do comprimento do corpo vítreo fetal equino para prever os dias para o parto em cavalos Pura Raça EspanholaAbstract: Ultrasonographic measurement of the fetal vitreous body length to predict parturition date in horses has shown substantial differences between breeds. PRE (Pura Raza Española or Purebred Spanish Horse) is an important breed in the equine industry of Costa Rica. No data for prediction of parturition exists for PRE using fetal ocular measurements. Between-observer agreement has never been evaluated for fetal ocular measurements on horses. A total of 86 ocular diameters were measured by a veterinarian in twelve PRE mares from day 240 of gestation until parturition. Forty measurements were repeated by a senior veterinary student to determine betweenobserver agreement. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed in each occasion, and a mean was calculated of the three measurements obtained. Two nonlinear regression equations were derived using days before parturition and age of gestation as dependent variables and vitreous body length as the independent variable. The model obtained for days before parturition was y = 1123.8 -55.5*x+0.689*x 2 , where "y" represents days before parturition and "x" represents fetal ocular diameter (r 2 = 0.79; P<0.001); and y = -710.6+51.8*x -0.644*x 2 , where "y" represents age of gestation and "x" represents ocular diameter (r 2 = 0.75; P<0.001). Pearson correlation coefficient and paired t-test were performed to assess the between-observer agreement. No significant differences (p=0.86) were detected between-observers, indicating high reproducibility. This study concluded that ocular diameter measurement can be reproduced with high precision by different veterinarians, and either model using days before parturition or age of gestation can be used to predict parturition in PRE mares when breeding dates are unknown.Resumen: La medición ultrasonográfica del largo del cuerpo vítreo fetal como forma de predicción de la fecha del parto ha mostrado diferencias substanciales entre especies. Los pura raza española (PRE) son una raza de importancia económica en la industria ecuestre de Costa Rica. No existen datos para la predicción del

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