Determining the changes in metabolites of Dendrobium officinale juice fermented with starter cultures containing Saccharomycopsis fibuligera FBKL2.8DCJS1 and Lactobacillus paracasei FBKL1.3028 through untargeted metabolomics

Abstract

Background The present study aimed to investigate the changes in volatile components and metabolites of Dendrobium officinale (D. officinale) juice fermented with starter cultures containing Saccharomycopsis fibuligera and Lactobacillus paracasei at 28 ℃ for 15 days and post-ripened at 4 ℃ for 30 days using untargeted metabolomics of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography (HS–SPME–GC–MS) before and after fermentation. Results The results showed that the alcohol contents in the S. fibuligera group before fermentation and after fermentation were 444.806 ± 10.310 μg/mL and 510.999 ± 38.431 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the alcohol content in the fermentation broth group inoculated with the co-culture of L. paracasei + S. fibuligera was 504.758 ± 77.914 μg/mL, containing a significant amount of 3-Methyl-1-butanol, Linalool, Phenylethyl alcohol, and 2-Methyl-1-propanol. Moreover, the Ethyl L (-)-lactate content was higher in the co-culture of L. paracasei + S. fibuligera group (7.718 ± 6.668 μg/mL) than in the L. paracasei (2.798 ± 0.443 μg/mL) and S. fibuligera monoculture groups (0 μg/mL). The co-culture of L. paracasei + S. fibuligera significantly promoted the metabolic production of ethyl L (-)-lactate in D. officinale juice. The differential metabolites screened after fermentation mainly included alcohols, organic acids, amino acids, nucleic acids, and their derivatives. Twenty-three metabolites, including 11 types of acids, were significantly up-regulated in the ten key metabolic pathways of the co-culture group. Furthermore, the metabolic pathways, such as pentose and glucuronate interconversions, the biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from terpenoid and polyketide, and aminobenzoate degradation were significantly up-regulated in the co-culture group. These three metabolic pathways facilitate the synthesis of bioactive substances, such as terpenoids, polyketides, and phenols, and enrich the flavor composition of D. officinale juice. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the co-culture of L. paracasei + S. fibuligera can promote the flavor harmonization of fermented products. Therefore, this study provides a theoretical basis for analyzing the flavor of D. officinale juice and the functional investigation of fermentation metabolites.

The Effect of Fermentation on the Chemical Constituents of Gastrodia Tuber Hallimasch Powder (GTHP) Estimated by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS and HPLC

“…HPLC profiles of GTHP samples before and after fermentation. Note: "JC" blank solution; "FJQ" pre-fermentation GTHP solution; "FJH" post-fermentation GTHP solution; "HB" mixed reference solution; uracil (1), guanosine (5), adenosine (6), 5-HMF (7), daidzin (11), genistin (12), glycitein (13), daidzein (14), genistein (16) and ergosterol (22) are consistent with the fingerprinted peak numbers. "FJQ" pre-fermentation GTHP solution; "FJH" post-fermentation GTHP solution; "HB" mixed reference solution; uracil (1), guanosine ( 5), adenosine (6), 5-HMF (7), daidzin (11), genistin (12), glycitein (13), daidzein (14), genistein (16) and ergosterol ( 22) are consistent with the fingerprinted peak numbers.…”

“…HPLC profiles of GTHP samples before and after fermentation. Note: "JC" blank solution; "FJQ" pre-fermentation GTHP solution; "FJH" post-fermentation GTHP solution; "HB" mixed reference solution; uracil (1), guanosine (5), adenosine (6), 5-HMF(7), daidzin(11), genistin(12), glycitein(13), daidzein(14), genistein(16) and ergosterol(22) are consistent with the fingerprinted peak numbers.…”

“…The nucleoside analogs comprised cytidine, cytosine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, uridine, adenosine, guanine, guanosine, and uracil. Compounds such as linoleic acid (71) and adenosine (12) were used as examples. The presence of linoleic acid, with the chemical formula C18H32O2, at the m/z 279.23306 [M − H] − quasi-molecular ion peak was identified in the primary mass spectrum.…”

“…The nucleoside analogs comprised cytidine, cytosine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, uridine, adenosine, guanine, guanosine, and uracil. Compounds such as linoleic acid (71) and adenosine (12) [16]. The compound was finally identified as adenosine through a comparison of the primary and secondary mass spectrometry cleavage fragments of the control with the extracted ion peak positions and relative retention times.…”

“…Dendrobium officinale juices were fermented to produce polysaccharides that could be more easily absorbed and enhance the potential function of the polysaccharides. In addition, the fermentation process was conducted to produce gallic acid, a new functional substance that helps increase the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumor effects of Dendrobium officinale juices [12]. Kusnezoff Monkshood root has high toxicity, and improper use can easily lead to poisoning and life-threatening effects.…”