Determining Power and Sample Size for Simple and Complex Mediation Models

Schoemann, Alexander M.; Boulton, Aaron J.; Short, Stephen D.

doi:10.1177/1948550617715068

Cited by 921 publications

(657 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Regarding the Study 3 mediation analyses, a Monte Carlo power analysis for indirect effects (Schoemann, Boulton, & Short, ) revealed that we would need about 630 and 1,250 participants, respectively, for fusion with the United States and fusion with political party, to achieve .80 power. Given that these sample sizes were not feasible for us and recognizing that our mediations are thus underpowered, we report these analyses but treat them as exploratory and descriptive.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep Alignment with Country Shrinks the Moral Gap Between Conservatives and Liberals

Talaifar

Swann

2018

Political Psychology

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Moral foundations theory suggests that relative to liberals, conservatives care more about values that are believed to bind group members together: loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion, and purity/degradation. In contrast, we propose that individuals who are deeply aligned (“fused”) with their group should display elevated commitment to group‐oriented moral values, regardless of their political orientation. The results of three studies supported this hypothesis. The tendency for conservatives to endorse the binding foundations more than liberals only emerged among weakly and moderately fused Americans. In fact, liberals strongly fused with the United States endorsed “binding” foundations more than average conservatives and to the same extent as strongly fused conservatives. These results indicate that to fully understand moral prerogatives, one must consider the nature of the connections people form to the group, as well as their political orientation.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep Alignment with Country Shrinks the Moral Gap Between Conservatives and Liberals

Talaifar

Swann

2018

Political Psychology

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“…We used the effect sizes from previous literature (e.g., Moynihan et al, 2017a), Study 2a, and Study 3a as guidance for an appropriate sample size. Post-hoc analyses showed that our sample size allowed us to detect our achieved indirect effect with a power of 0.68 when adopting a Type-I error rate of a ≤ .05, 10,000 power analysis replications, and 20,000 Monte Carlo draws per replications (two-tailed; Schoemann et al, 2017). Data collection for Study 3b was completed in two stages, checked after recruiting the initial subsample, and fully analyzed after recruiting the overall sample.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Study 3a, based on the effects found, at least 156 participants would have been required to achieve adequate statistical power for our achieved indirect effect (Schoemann et al, 2017). In turn, we recruited 203 participants for Study 3b.…”

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confidence: 99%

Lost in the crowd: Conformity as escape following disbelief in free will

Moynihan

Igou

Tilburg

2018

Euro J Social Psych

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Belief in free will is founded on the idea that people are responsible for their behavior. People who believe in free will derive meaning in life from these beliefs. Conformity refers to succumbing to external pressures and imitating others’ behaviors. Sometimes, conformity involves a loss of self‐awareness, which reduces perceived meaninglessness. We tested if disbelief in free will increases perceived meaninglessness and if people subsequently become more conformist to address this negative existential perception. We conducted three studies to test this hypothesis. In Study 1, experimentally induced disbelief in free will resulted in perceived meaninglessness. In Study 2, perceived meaninglessness correlated with conformity. Finally, in Study 3, perceived meaninglessness mediated the relationship between disbelief in free will and conformity, especially under high self‐awareness. We conclude that perceptions about meaning play a central role in the relationship between disbelief in free will and conformity.

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“…At this stage the researcher should also specify the expected size of the effects in the nomological network and base the selection of the sample size on those effects. Tools to estimate sample size and statistical power for complex path analytic models with indirect effects using Monte Carlo simulations have recently been made available (Schoemann et al, 2017). Consistent with the requirement for sound data and recent advocacy for strong data to test effects in social psychology (Open Science Collaboration, 2015), researchers should also aim for stringent alpha levels and high >0.90 statistical power to control for type I and type II error rates, respectively.…”

Section: Guidelines For Model Testing Based On Nomological Validitymentioning

confidence: 99%

On nomological validity and auxiliary assumptions: The importance of simultaneously testing effects in social cognitive theories applied to health behavior and some guidelines

Hagger¹,

Gucciardi²,

chatzisarantis³

2017

Preprint

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Tests of social cognitive theories provide informative data on the factors that relate to health behavior, and the processes and mechanisms involved. In the present article, we contend that tests of social cognitive theories should adhere to the principles of nomological validity, defined as the degree to which predictions in a formal theoretical network are confirmed. We highlight the importance of nomological validity tests to ensure theory predictions can be disconfirmed through observation. We argue that researchers should be explicit on the conditions that lead to theory disconfirmation, and identify any auxiliary assumptions on which theory effects may be conditional. We contend that few researchers formally test the nomological validity of theories, or outline conditions that lead to model rejection and the auxiliary assumptions that may explain findings that run counter to hypotheses, raising potential for 'falsification evasion. ' We present a brief analysis of studies (k = 122) testing four key social cognitive theories in health behavior to illustrate deficiencies in reporting theory tests and evaluations of nomological validity. Our analysis revealed that few articles report explicit statements suggesting that their findings support or reject the hypotheses of the theories tested, even when findings point to rejection. We illustrate the importance of explicit a priori specification of fundamental theory hypotheses and associated auxiliary assumptions, and identification of the conditions which would lead to rejection of theory predictions. We also demonstrate the value of confirmatory analytic techniques, meta-analytic structural equation modeling, and Bayesian analyses in providing robust converging evidence for nomological validity. We provide a set of guidelines for researchers on how to adopt and apply the nomological validity approach to testing health behavior models.

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Determining Power and Sample Size for Simple and Complex Mediation Models

Cited by 921 publications

References 27 publications

Deep Alignment with Country Shrinks the Moral Gap Between Conservatives and Liberals

Deep Alignment with Country Shrinks the Moral Gap Between Conservatives and Liberals

Lost in the crowd: Conformity as escape following disbelief in free will

On nomological validity and auxiliary assumptions: The importance of simultaneously testing effects in social cognitive theories applied to health behavior and some guidelines

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