Determination of Urinary Creatinine in Washington State Residents via Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

A viable, quick, and reliable method for determining urinary creatinine by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was developed and used to evaluate spot urine samples collected for the Washington Environmental Biomonitoring Survey (WEBS): part of the Washington State Department of Health, Public Health Laboratories (PHL). 50 µL of urine was mixed with a 1 : 1 acetonitrile/water solution containing deuterated creatinine as the internal standard and then analyzed by LC/MS/MS. Utilizing electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive mode, the transition ions for creatinine and creatinine-d3 were determined to be 114.0 to 44.1 (quantifier), 114.0 to 86.1 (qualifier), and 117.0 to 47.1 (creatinine-d3). The retention time for creatinine was 0.85 minutes. The linear calibration range was 20–4000 mg/L, with a limit of detection at 1.77 mg/L and a limit of quantitation at 5.91 mg/L. LC/MS/MS and the colorimetric Jaffé reaction were associated significantly (Pearson r = 0.9898 and R 2 = 0.9797, ρ ≤ 0.0001). The LC/MS/MS method developed at the PHL to determine creatinine in the spot urine samples had shorter retention times, and was more sensitive, reliable, reproducible, and safer than other LC/MS/MS or commercial methods such as the Jaffé reaction or modified versions thereof.

A simplified D3‐creatine dilution method for skeletal muscle mass determination with dynamic correction of creatinine and D3‐creatinine using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

“…Positive ESI mode provided a good response for creatinine and creatine because the amino structure tends to acquire the hydrogen, and precursor ions of [M + H] + were observed. The product ions with high response and low interference were selected for quantitative and qualitative determination, which is consistent with the literature (Hou et al, 2012; West & Rhodes, 2014). As creatinine excretion is ~ 1.8 g/day, the mass spectrum peak area was ~1000 times that of D 3 ‐creatinine at the same dilution ratio.…”

“…All statistical analyses were performed using OriginPro 2021 response and low interference were selected for quantitative and qualitative determination, which is consistent with the literature (Hou et al, 2012;West & Rhodes, 2014). As creatinine excretion is $ 1.8 g/day, the mass spectrum peak area was $1000 times that of D 3creatinine at the same dilution ratio.…”

“…In this study, chromatographic separation was performed on a HILIC column, which was an alternative approach to separate polar compounds (Hou et al, 2012; West & Rhodes, 2014). The mobile phase, consisting of water and incremental ratios of ACN with different elution patterns, and the effects of additives such as acetic acid, ammonium acetate, ammonium formate, and ammonium hydroxide were examined.…”

Detection of creatinine using silver nanoparticles on a poly(pyrrole) thin film-based surface plasmon resonance sensor

“…Many methods have been developed for quantitative detection of creatinine, including high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, 5,6) chemiluminescence, 7) electrochemistry, 8) and capillary zone electrophoresis. 9,10) Although, such methods provide good sensitivity in the detection of creatinine some drawbacks remain such as expensive instrumentation, complicated operation procedures, and length of time.…”

Capillary electrophoresis and ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography methods in clinical monitoring of creatinine in human urine: A comparative study

“…Therefore, the separation methods represent a fast, specific, stable, and sensitive approach in bioanalysis (Moore & Sharer, 2017;Seger & Vogeser, 2012;Smith-Palmer, 2002). A high-or ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC or UHPLC) in combination with ultraviolet (UV) or mass spectrometry (MS) has been recently used for the determination of creatinine in urine matrices (Derezinski et al, 2016;Dziadosz, 2018;Fraselle et al, 2015;Kučerová et al, 2019;Kwon, Kim, Suh, & In, 2012;Langsi, Ashu-Arrah, Ward, & Glennon, 2017;Luginbühl & Weinmann, 2017;Remane et al, 2015;Sun et al, 2019;West & Rhodes, 2014;Wijemanne, Soysa, Wijesundara, & Perera, 2018;Yen, Dahal, Lavine, Hassan, & Gamagedara, 2018;Yuan et al, 2019). In the group of electromigration techniques, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with contactless conductivity detection (CD) (Grochocki, Markuszewski, & Quirino, 2017), UV detection (Huang, Chen, & Yan, 2012;Pavlíček, Tů ma, Matějčková, & Samcová, 2014;Sidorova & Grigoriev, 2012;Vitali, Goncalves, Rodrigues, Fávere, & Micke, 2017), CD/UV tandem detection (Makrlíková, Opekar, & Tů ma, 2015), or MS detection (DiBattista, Rampersaud, Lee, Kim, & Britz-McKibbin, 2017;Huang et al, 2019;Ramautar, Busnel, Deelder, & Mayboroda, 2012;Wellington et al, 2019;Wild, Shanmuganathan, Hayashi, Potter, & Briz-McKibbin, 2019;Yamamoto, Pinto-Sanchez, Bercik, & Britz-McKibbin, 2019) has been applied for creatinine.…”