Detection of creatinine using silver nanoparticles on a poly(pyrrole) thin film-based surface plasmon resonance sensor

Abstract

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique is a great tool to investigate the binding of analyte to functionalized surfaces and the immobilization of biomolecules. Creatinine is one of the biomarkers for monitoring renal functions and making a diagnosis of kidney disease. Elevated creatinine levels in the human body signifies impaired kidney disease. In this work, we developed a new strategy for creatinine detection using starch stabilized silver nanoparticles (starch-AgNPs) on poly(pyrrole) (PPy) thin film using the SPR technique. The assay exhibited the obvious change from yellow to orange color of AgNPs solution in the presence of creatinine, showing good sensitivity due to the localized plasmon effect of AgNPs. Based on this effect, the change of SPR reflectivity in the Kretschmann configuration was enhanced by the adsorption of AgNPs in the presence of creatinine on the PPy film. The SPR reflectivity upon the injection of the mixed solution on the PPy thin film increased with increasing creatinine concentration in the linear range from 10 to 1000 μM. As a comparison, performances of the creatinine sensor with three SPR sensor systems, i.e. only PPy film, PPy film with AgNPs, and PPy film with aggregated AgNPs, were studied. The SPR sensor with aggregated AgNPs was improved approximately four times compared with the substrate without aggregated AgNPs, and the limit of the detection was 0.19 μM. The proposed method is potentially useful for clinical applications.

SPR-Based Sensor for the Early Detection or Monitoring of Kidney Problems

“…Pothipor et al developed a novel nonenzymatic SPR sensor for creatinine detection using starch-stabilized silver nanoparticles (starch-AgNPs) on poly(pyrrole) (PPy) Au thin film [ 57 ]. At a creatinine detection range of 0.01–1 mM, the best sensitivity was determined to be 86.3 cm −2 μ M with a LOD of 1.9 × 10 −4 mM.…”

“…In general, SPR has been used to detect a variety of targets, including glucose [ 40 – 42 ], uric acid [ 43 , 44 ], dopamine [ 27 , 45 , 46 ], antibody [ 47 – 50 ], antigen [ 47 , 51 , 52 ], salmonella [ 53 ], urea [ 43 , 54 – 56 ], and creatinine [ 28 , 57 , 58 ], in a variety of applications, including material characterization, medical diagnostics, food quality sensors, and drug development. Yu et al described the development of a D-shaped fiber SPR glucose biosensor with a modified MoS2-graphene composite nanostructure that exhibits approximately fourfold increased sensitivity [ 40 ].…”

Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors Based on Kretschmann Configuration: Basic Instrumentation and Applications

“…Alarmingly, kidney failure, which affects 10% of the worldwide population, is one of the leading causes of millions of deaths every year. Notably, the functioning of the kidney is generally monitored by observing the levels of urea and creatinine biomarkers [152,153]. In this context, SPR biosensors have shown enormous potential for application in such biomarker detections.…”

“…Moreover, biosensors utilizing graphene-MoS2 under Kretschmann based SPR configuration have also shown promising results for urea-detection in gas chromatography and calorimetric, fluorimetric and their respective analysis [155,156]. In the case of creatinine detection, Pothipor et al [153] demonstrated an electrochemical (EC)-SPR instrumentation, with a detection limit of 0.19 µM, that used conducting-polymer based SPR sensor chip made of polypyrrole (PPy). The work involved the electropolymerization of a PPy film on the gold-coated SPR chip and subsequently monitoring the aggregation of starch-stabilized AgNPs induced by creatinine.…”

Dual Gold-Nanoslit Electrodes for Ultrasensitive Detection of Antigen–Antibody Reactions in Electrochemical Surface Plasmon Resonance

“…There are two approaches for exciting plasmonic waves on metal surfaces: use of a prism coupler − or a grating structure. , Moreover, some research studies have used a localized surface plasma as an EC sensor. − The measurement system includes a light source, a SPR sensor, stages, and a detector. The prism coupler-based system is usually more expensive than grating-based systems due to the need for precise control of the incident angle.…”