Determination of the potent mutagen 3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-franone (MX) in water by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection

Ogawa, Shunjiro; Kita, Hiroshi; Hanasaki, Yukiko; Fukui, Shozo; Kami, Hiroshi

doi:10.1016/0021-9673(93)80556-n

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In 1990, Andrews et al measured MX concentrations ranging from 38 to 60 ng L −1 in six Canadian treatment plants [15]. The figures from other countries show similar ranges: Australia, not detected to 33 ng L −1 [13]; Japan, not detected to 134.0 ng L −1 [36]; China, 7.5-24.9 ng L −1 [16]; Russia, an average of 160 ± 50 ng L −1 [22]; Spain, not detected to 30 ng L −1 [23]; and Finland, 15-67 ng L −1 [8]. A few other studies with higher MX concentrations are highlighted in the introduction.…”

Section: Drinking Water Analysissupporting

confidence: 54%

“…A second problem associated with methylation is the formation of open-ring by-products (acetals) that may lead to an underestimation of the levels of MX in water samples. Other derivatization reagents such as propanol [20,22,33,34], butanol [35], pentafluoropropanol [36], bis-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) [14] and boron trifluoride methanol [37] have also been used. A disadvantage associated with the use of the above derivatization reagents is the potential loss of analyte occurring during neutralization and back-extraction of the derivatized MX into hexane.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved derivatization technique for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry determination of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone in drinking water

Kubwabo

Stewart

Gauthier

et al. 2009

Analytica Chimica Acta

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Section: Drinking Water Analysissupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved derivatization technique for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry determination of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone in drinking water

Kubwabo

Stewart

Gauthier

et al. 2009

Analytica Chimica Acta

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“…These results allow for the assessment of recovery coefficients for MX and other chlorinated hydroxyfuranones by means of the vacuum concentration method as very high. Techniques aimed at increasing the detector response factor or selectivity were developed by Nawrocki et al (Nawrocki et al, 1997;1998;1999;2001a;2001b), Fukui et al (Fukui et al, 1990), Ogawa et. al.…”

Section: Analytical Methods For the Determination Of MX And Other Halmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytics of MX and NDMA, two disinfection byproducts, in water

Andrzejewski

Nawrocki²

2013

Global NEST Journal

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MX (3-Chloro-4-(Dichloromethyl)-5-Hydroxy-2(5H)-Furanone) and NDMA (N,N-dimethyl-Nnitrosoamine) are disinfection by-products, which are formed during NOM's and other water containing precursors reaction with chlorine. Both, due to their potential carcinogenic and mutagenic properties were placed on the list of potentially health hazardous disinfection byproducts. Both of the compounds occur in drinking water at the ppt level. An extensive review of international literature was the background of the presentation of state of the art concerns on MX and NDMA analysis.

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“…1 One of the most potent direct-acting mutagens in the Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA100 is 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) 2,3 which has been found in chlorinated drinking water from Finland, 4,5 North America, 6,7 Netherlands, 8 and Japan. 9 Although the MX found in chlorinated drinking water was at low concentrations, ranging from trace amounts to 675 ng L -1 , 10,11 it has been shown to account for approximately 50% of the total mutagenicity of such water. 12 According to the World Health Organization (WHO), MX concentrations of 1.8 g L -1 are associated with a 10 5 cancer risk for a 60 kg adult drinking 2 litres of water per day.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10,18 It has been reported that GC with electron-capture 9 and MS detects MX in water. 11,15 In such studies, solid-phase extraction 11,18 and liquid-liquid extraction 10,15 have been employed prior to the chromatographic analyses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid-phase microextraction for determination of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2[5H]-furanone in water

Rezemini¹,

Vaz²,

Carvalho³

2008

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Microextração em fase sólida, usando a derivatização on-line com bis(trimetilsilil)trifluoroacetamida, cromatografia a gás e espectrometria de massas, foi avaliada para a quantificação de 3-cloro-4-(diclorometil)-5-hidróxi-2(5H)-furanona (MX) em amostras de água. Foram usadas fibras de diferentes polaridades empregando a amostragem por imersão e por headspace. Para o sistema de imersão, foram avaliados vários parâmetros que afetam a extração de MX, como pH, salinidade, temperatura e tempo de extração. O método otimizado (fibra de poliacrilato; 20% Na 2 SO 4 ; pH 2,0; 60 min; 20 °C) foi aplicado para águas cloradas proveniente de reservatórios de abastecimento de água-amostras naturais e amostras com adição de MX (50 ng L -1 e 100 ng L Solid-phase microextraction, using on-line bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide derivatisation, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry, was evaluated in the quantification of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) in water samples. Fibres encompassing a wide range of polarities were used with headspace and direct immersion sampling. For the immersion procedure, various parameters affecting MX extraction, including pH, salinity, temperature, and extraction time were evaluated. The optimised method (polyacrylate fibre; 20% Na 2 SO 4 ; pH 2.0; 60 min; 20 °C) was applied for reservoir chlorinated water samples-either natural or spiked with MX (50 ng L -1 and 100 ng L -1 ). The recovery of MX ranged from 44 to 72%. Quantification of MX in water samples was done using external standard and the selected ion monitoring mode. Correlation coefficient (0.98%), relative standard deviation (5%), limit of detection (30 ng L -1 ) and limit of quantification (50 ng L -1 ) were obtained from calibration curve.

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Determination of the potent mutagen 3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-franone (MX) in water by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

Improved derivatization technique for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry determination of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone in drinking water

Improved derivatization technique for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry determination of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone in drinking water

Analytics of MX and NDMA, two disinfection byproducts, in water

Solid-phase microextraction for determination of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2[5H]-furanone in water

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