Determination of Tetracycline on the Surface of a High- Performance Graphene Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode in Milk and Honey Samples

An overview of the main foodstuff sample preparation technologies for tetracycline residue determination

“…Protein precipitation in milk and egg samples involves the use of organic solvents including acetonitrile [6,10,23,46,51], methanol [52][53][54][55] or acetone [56], as well as the combination of these solvents with acid compounds, such as trichloroacetic acid [46,[57][58][59][60][61], trifluoroacetic acid [62,63], glacial acetic acid [64][65][66], succinic acid [67,68], citric acid [23,69], formic acid [54,70], or perchloric acid [71]. Other authors have used McIlvaine-EDTA [6,[72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79], sodium citrate [10], oxalate [63], sodium succinate [80] and phosphate [81] buffers as deproteinizing agents for the treatment of these samples.…”

Detection of Antibiotics and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity with Screen-Printed Electrodes

“…Furthermore, carbon-based electrodes can be easily modified with different nanomaterials or mediators by mixing these in the printing inks. Different carbon based SPEs were fabricated for determination of natural and synthetic antibiotic using: multi-walled carbon nanotubes for determination of sulfonamides [ 35 ] and gentamicin sulfate [ 48 ]; carbon for simultaneous detection of tetracyclines and sulfonamides [ 34 ], penicillins [ 36 , 49 ] or gemifloxacin [ 39 ; graphene for tetracycline [ 43 ]; graphene/polyaniline nanocomposite for sulfonamides [ 35 ]; or gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the detection of sulfamethoxazole [ 33 ] and epirubicin [ 45 ].…”

“…Aptamers have better stability than antibodies and their production is more reproducible and involves lower cost than for antibodies, which recommend them as replacements for antibodies in commercially available kits and devices. The electrochemical methods used to determine antibiotics in food and biological samples ( Table 1 ) included amperometry [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ], various voltammetry techniques (DPV, LSV, and SWV) [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ], potentiometry [ 48 ], electrochemical impedance spectroscopy [ 49 , 50 ] and electrochemiluminescence [ 76 , 79 ].…”

“…Filik et al [ 43 ] are reporting a reliable, modest cost, portable, easy to operate and small system that is based on graphene modified screen-printed carbon paste electrode. The sensor can be used for the voltammetric detection of tetracycline from milk and honey samples.…”

“…In addition, SPEs have the advantage that they can be mass-produced easily, without any preliminary laborious preparation steps or requirement for highly qualified personnel. SPEs are versatile devices that can be used in conjunction with simple, portable electrochemical equipment and with various electroanalytical methods such as amperometry [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ], voltammetry (differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]), potentiometry [ 48 ] or EIS [ 49 , 50 ]. This review addresses recent advances made available by using screen-printed electrodes for detection of antibiotics as well as for the evaluation of antibacterial activity.…”