Determination of Strength Properties of Energy Plants on the Example of Miscanthus × Giganteus, Rosa Multiflora and Salix Viminalis

Abstract

Energy from biomass accounts for 70% of all renewables used for heat and electricity production. Such a significant share of biomass determines the need for the investigation of their mechanical properties, as most of the lignocellulosic material requires cutting, chipping or milling before its utilization for energy purposes. Therefore, the knowledge about cutting resistance, bending stiffness, and impact strength of the energy plants is very important. The values of these parameters are used in the proper selection of shredding machines and their elements, wrapping nets or determination of power demand during raw material conversion. This paper presents the results of research on the mechanical properties of selected energy plants. The scope of the research included three different plant species: Miscanthus × giganteus, Rosa multiflora, and Salix viminalis, investigated in terms of cutting resistance, bending stiffness and impact strength of stalks. The results showed that the average stalk cutting resistance for the rotation speed of 4200 RPM was 0.17 N·mm−2 for the Miscanthus × giganteus, 0.15 N·mm−2 for the Rosa multiflora and 0.2 N·mm−2 for the Salix viminalis. Meanwhile, for a rotation speed of 3200 RPM, the cutting resistance amounted to 0.15 N·mm−2 for Miscanthus × giganteus, 0.16 N·mm−2 for Rosa multiflora and 0.18 N·mm−2 for Salix viminalis. For the impact measurements, the Salix viminalis exceeded 40 J·mm−2 of absorbed energy. Meanwhile, the average impact strength value for the Rosa multiflora was 0.53 J·mm−2 and for the Miscanthus × giganteus was 0.22 J·mm−2. The bending stiffness of Miscanthus × giganteus at an average modulus of 3.44 GPa was 1.1 N·m2 for the basal zone, 0.78 N·m2 for the central zone, and 0.72 N·m2 of the apical zone. For the average Young’s modulus of 0.19 GPa, the bending stiffness of the Rosa multiflora reached a value of 0.64 N·m2 for the basal zone, 0.23 N·m2 for the central zone, and 0.28 N·m2 for the apical zone. The Salix viminalis, with an average modulus of elasticity of 0.23 GPa, achieved bending stiffness in the basal zone of 0.99 N·m2, the central zone 0.33 N·m2, and the tip zone 0.38 N·m2. This research makes it possible to expand our knowledge in the field of biomass processing and construction of agricultural machinery with higher processing efficiency.

Carbonized Solid Fuel Production from Polylactic Acid and Paper Waste Due to Torrefaction

“…The HHV of PAP increased from 17.5 MJ•kg −1 to 19.5 MJ•kg −1 in CSF produced at 300 • C; 40 min. Though these values seem to suffice when they are compared to energetic biomasses (HHV ~18 MJ•kg −1 ) [46], they are still small in comparison with coals 30 MJ•kg −1 [47] or conventional plastics 40 MJ•kg −1 [45].…”

Waste to Energy: Solid Fuel Production from Biogas Plant Digestate and Sewage Sludge by Torrefaction-Process Kinetics, Fuel Properties, and Energy Balance

“…It follows that the initial fermentation of substrates has a crucial influence on final product properties. In terms of energy content, SS and D were incomparable with typical energy biomass substrates, e.g., Miscanthus x Giganteus, Rosa multiflora (energetic rose), and Salix viminalis (willow) that have an HHV of 17.68, 17.54, and 17.5 MJ•kg −1 , respectively [43].…”

Medical Peat Waste Upcycling to Carbonized Solid Fuel in the Torrefaction Process

“…In addition, increasing temperature resulted in a decrease in VS and CP from 83% to 75.8% and from 85.6% to 79.7%, respectively (Figure A1g-h). For comparison, the energetic non-woody biomass is characterized by VM of 70-94%, AC of 1.3-17%, and FC of 2.4-17.2% [49,50], while wood biomass has much homogeneous composition, 82-84%, 15.5-16.4, and 0.3-0.8%, respectively [51]. That means the torrefied peat has less VM and more FC than typical wooden biomasses, but it also has much more AC.…”