Determination of sterols and steroid hormones in surface water and wastewater using liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry

Determination of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Water and Wastewater Samples by Liquid Chromatography-Negative Ion Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

“…Faster drying rates led to the loss of target analytes. The degradation of BPA and 4NP analytes in methanol has been previously reported to occur within seven days [ 29 ]. The precipitation of the injected samples occurred in the LC-MS/MS system when methanol was used as the elution solvent for SPE and dilution of samples before LC-MS/MS analysis.…”

“…Natural hormonal estrogens are analyzed in negative ion mode and can be ionized using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), but detection limits are generally lower when using electrospray ionization [ 6 ]. Positive ion mode in APCI can be used for estrogens but does not provide adequate sensitivity for xenoestrogens [ 28 , 29 ]. Derivatization has also been used when analyzing estrogens and xenoestrogens in biological fluids and plasma to improve the electrospray ionization in positive ion mode for molecules with a phenolic group [ 7 , 30 , 31 ], but these methods have not been applied successfully to wastewater.…”

“…Solid-phase extraction (SPE) has been used for the selective analysis of estrogens generally in cartridge format [ 29 , 35 , 36 ]; however, when xenoestrogens are included, these methods often require higher elution volumes or stronger solvents [ 13 , 37 , 38 ] and as such these different groups of analytes are often analyzed in separate methods [ 39 , 40 , 41 ]. SPE discs with further Florisil SPE cartridges have also been used for the extraction of natural estrogens from surface water [ 1 ].…”

Interpol review of controlled substances 2016–2019

“…Steroids: 2016 LC-ESI-MS/MS method for determination of progesterone, testosterone, trenbolone acetate and zeranol [ 1148 ]; LC-MS/MS screening method for multi-class steroid hormone detection [ 1149 ]; detection of Detection and metabolic investigations of a novel designer steroid: 3-chloro-17 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-androstan-17 beta-ol in seized capsules using NMR, GC-MS and GC-MS/MS [ 1150 ]; HPLC-UV method for identification of corticosteroids in illegal cosmetics [ 1151 ]; LC-ESI-MS/MS for the simultaneous determination of six estrogens and six glucocorticoids in water [ 1152 ]; FPSE-UHPLC-MS/MS for the determination of four progestogens and six androgens [ 1153 ]; uHPLC-MS/MS for the analysis of sex hormones and corticosteroids [ 1154 ]; Stable isotope labeling - LC-ESI-MS/MS for quantitative analysis of androgenic and progestagenic steroids [ 1155 ]; LC-MS/MS method for selective and sensitive determination of estrogens [ 1156 ]; DLLME- HPLC/UV–vis for determination of estrogens [ 1157 ]; GC/EI-MS/MS and GC/CI -MS/MS analysis of anabolic steroids [ 1158 ]; MALDI-TOF-MS for the detection of steroids [ 1159 ]; PF-MEKC-UV for detection of steroids [ 1160 ]; 2017 CE and UHPLC to identify steroids [ 470 ]; LC-ESI-MS/MS for quantitative analysis of oestrogens (oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol) and androgens (testosterone and 15 alpha-testosterone) [ 1161 ]; LC-ESI-MS/MS for the determination of several corticosteroids illegally added to cosmetic products [ 1162 ]; LC-APCI-MS for determination of sterols and steroids [ 1163 ]; review of methods for isolation and characterization of brassinosteroids in plants [ 1164 ] analysis of anabolic steroids by LPPI-MS [ 1165 ]; identification of steroids in drug products using RP-HPLC-UV-detection and GC-MS [ 1166 ]; HPLC method for determination of steroids [ 1167 ]; 2018 GC-MS method to detect anabolic androgenic steroids (androsterone, nandrolene, dehydroepiandrosterone, 5a-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol, dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, methenolone acetate, methandienone, boldenone and fluoxymesterone) in food supplements [ 1168 ]; differential pulse voltammetry and amperometry for steroids in commercial pharmaceutical formulations [ 1169 ]; considerations for validation of chromatographic mass spectrometric methods for the quantification of endogenous substances in forensics [ 1170 ]; availability and ease of purchase of illicit anabolic androgenic steroids and testosterone preparations on the Internet [ 1171 ]; UHPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of 12 hair-growth compounds (including steroids) in adulterated products [ 1172 ...…”

Studies on the Kinetics of Doxazosin Degradation in Simulated Environmental Conditions and Selected Advanced Oxidation Processes

“…Called Emerging Organic Contaminants (EOC), they are created by hundreds of organic compounds belonging to different chemical classes [1]. Some of them are natural components of an environment, making their presence detectable due to advancements in sample preparation procedures [2][3][4], as well as new detection techniques [5][6][7]. They have been detected in clean surface waters at few ng dm −3 levels while in polluted waters in the range from a few to hundreds of µg dm −3 [8,9].…”