Determination of Steel Cleanliness in Ultra Low Carbon Steel by Pulse Discrimination Analysis-Optical Emission Spectroscopy Technique

Pande, Manish; Guo, Muxing; Dumarey, R.; Devisscher, S.; Blanpain, Bart

doi:10.2355/isijinternational.51.1778

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The number of Al based inclusions are measured per PDA burn which is y8?56610 25 cm 3 as measured by surface profilometry. 5 The number of inclusions measured in a PDA burn was converted into inclusion number density (N Al-PDA ). Additional information about the PDA-OES measurement technique can be found elsewhere.…”

Section: Industrial Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of ferroalloy impurities and ferroalloy addition sequence on ultra low carbon (ULC) steel cleanliness after RH treatment

Pande

Guo

Devisscher

et al. 2012

Ironmaking & Steelmaking

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The present work outlines the statistical analysis of industrial data collected for a few hundred heats from an integrated steel plant. The main purpose was to study the influence of impurities in the ferroalloys FeTi (FeTi70 and FeTi35) and FeP on steel cleanliness. Therefore, two steel grades [ultra low carbon (ULC) high Mn and ULC low Mn] to which these ferroalloys are added were chosen for the study. The number of Al based inclusions analysed with pulse discrimination analysis-optical emission spectroscopy was taken as a measure of steel cleanliness and compared using box plot analysis and through a t test for different grades of FeTi additions. The ferroalloy parameters as well as other major process parameters during secondary metallurgy were also correlated to the inclusion number density. The statistical analysis was supplemented with elemental (ferroalloy) recovery calculations based on the industrial data and FactSage, the equilibrium Fe-Al-P-O diagram and the inclusion extraction analysis. On the basis of this study, it is proposed that (1) FeTi70 is a comparatively cleaner ferroalloy than FeTi35 and (2) for FeP in ULC low carbon steel, the best addition practice to maintain a balance between P recovery and steel cleanliness is towards the end of decarburisation and before the addition of Al blocks.

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Section: Industrial Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 Such instantaneous determination of inclusions at an industrial scale aids in understanding inclusion formation after ferroalloy additions. It is regular practice at the steel plant to take steel samples after RH treatment, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of ferroalloy impurities and ferroalloy addition sequence on ultra low carbon (ULC) steel cleanliness after RH treatment

Pande

Guo

Devisscher

et al. 2012

Ironmaking & Steelmaking

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] One of the quality criteria for IF class aluminum-killed steels is the metal's purity with respect to non-metallic inclusions (NMI), which have a negative impact on the plas-tic properties of the material as well as cause a formation of surface defects in flat rolled products. 7,8) Furthermore, they reduce the manufacturing properties due to a decrease in the steel pouring speed, as they clog the steel pouring nozzles. [9][10][11] Many researchers 3,8,12) consider that the most harmful non-metallic inclusions are clusters of aluminum oxides with sizes > 100 μm, since they have the largest negative impact on the final IF steels products -steel sheet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,8) Furthermore, they reduce the manufacturing properties due to a decrease in the steel pouring speed, as they clog the steel pouring nozzles. [9][10][11] Many researchers 3,8,12) consider that the most harmful non-metallic inclusions are clusters of aluminum oxides with sizes > 100 μm, since they have the largest negative impact on the final IF steels products -steel sheet. Other researchers claim that the titanium oxides inclusions, which arise during the melting process of IF steels modified by Ti, can aggregate and form clusters of inclusions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Non-metallic Inclusions and Clusters during Production of Low-carbon IF Steel

et al. 2020

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One of the quality criteria for Interstitial Fee (IF) steels is the metal purity with respect to non-metallic inclusions (NMI), which are harmful for the plastic properties of the material. Furthermore, they cause a formation of surface defects in flat rolled products and reduce the rate of steel casting due to nozzle clogging. This article presents the results of a study of the content, composition, size and morphology of non-metallic inclusions and clusters in steel samples taken during ladle treatment, casting as well as from slabs and steel sheets after rolling of IF steel. The characteristics of NMI and clusters were determined by using conventional two-dimensional quantitative metallographic investigations of polished sections of steel samples (2D method), electrolytic extraction (EE method) of samples followed by investigations of inclusions and clusters by using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy and fractional gas analysis (FGA method). By using EE method, different types of inclusions and clusters, their formation, growth and behavior during different stages of IF steel production were studied. The results obtained by the EE method agreed well with the results of the quantitative determination of oxide NMI by using the FGA method. The method of fractional gas analysis shows the dynamics of changes in the content of various types of oxide non-metallic inclusions during ladle treatment and casting of steel. The obtained results can be used to analyze the causes of the formation of harmful NMI in the metal and to optimize ladle treatment of IF steel grades.

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“…Currently, some steelmaking companies of the European Union try to use the PDA/OES method for fast determination of the inclusion characteristics in steel samples taken from different stages of the productions of various steel grades. [7][8][9][10][11][12] In most cases, the number and size of analyzed non-metallic inclusions are usually characterized by the PDA index (the amount of outliers on the intensity chart, which are considered as non-metallic inclusions) 12,13) or the B-factor (defined as the total summed weight of elements in inclusions), 9) which correspond to the total relative quantita-tive characteristics of inclusions in steel. Pande et al 11) applied the PDA/OES method for determination of the number of non-metallic inclusions and the average inclusion size in metal samples taken during ladle treatment and casting of ultra-low carbon steels (≤30 ppm C).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Inclusion Characteristics in Low-Alloyed Steels by Mainly Using PDA/OES Method

2015

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The characteristics of non-metallic inclusions (such as number, size and volume fraction) in liquid steel samples taken during ladle treatment and casting of industrial heats of two low-alloyed Ca-treated steel grades were evaluated by using the Pulse Distribution Analysis with Optical Emission Spectroscopy (PDA/OES) method. These results were compared to data obtained by Scanning Electron Microscope observations of inclusions after electrolytic extraction from steel samples (the EE method). It was found that the PDA/OES method can be used for a relative estimation of the homogeneity of the distribution of non-metallic inclusions in steel samples. Bottom and middle parts of the steel samples showed more homogeneous results with respect to the characteristics of the investigated Al 2 O 3 , CaO-Al 2 O 3 and CaOAl 2 O 3 -CaS inclusions. The numbers of inclusions in the size ranges 2.0-5.7 μm and 1.4-5.7 μm in samples taken before and after a Ca addition, respectively, showed a relatively good agreement between both methods. Furthermore, the calculated volume fractions for inclusions in the size range 2-13 μm obtained by the PDA/OES method agreed satisfactorily well with those obtained from the EE method. Finally, the minimum sizes of inclusions in steel samples, which can reliably be detected by the PDA/OES method, were estimated for steels with different concentrations of Al in steel and Al 2 O 3 in inclusions.

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Determination of Steel Cleanliness in Ultra Low Carbon Steel by Pulse Discrimination Analysis-Optical Emission Spectroscopy Technique

Cited by 24 publications

References 10 publications

Influence of ferroalloy impurities and ferroalloy addition sequence on ultra low carbon (ULC) steel cleanliness after RH treatment

Influence of ferroalloy impurities and ferroalloy addition sequence on ultra low carbon (ULC) steel cleanliness after RH treatment

Characterization of Non-metallic Inclusions and Clusters during Production of Low-carbon IF Steel

Evaluation of Inclusion Characteristics in Low-Alloyed Steels by Mainly Using PDA/OES Method

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