Characterization of Non-metallic Inclusions and Clusters during Production of Low-carbon IF Steel

Abstract

One of the quality criteria for Interstitial Fee (IF) steels is the metal purity with respect to non-metallic inclusions (NMI), which are harmful for the plastic properties of the material. Furthermore, they cause a formation of surface defects in flat rolled products and reduce the rate of steel casting due to nozzle clogging. This article presents the results of a study of the content, composition, size and morphology of non-metallic inclusions and clusters in steel samples taken during ladle treatment, casting as well as from slabs and steel sheets after rolling of IF steel. The characteristics of NMI and clusters were determined by using conventional two-dimensional quantitative metallographic investigations of polished sections of steel samples (2D method), electrolytic extraction (EE method) of samples followed by investigations of inclusions and clusters by using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy and fractional gas analysis (FGA method). By using EE method, different types of inclusions and clusters, their formation, growth and behavior during different stages of IF steel production were studied. The results obtained by the EE method agreed well with the results of the quantitative determination of oxide NMI by using the FGA method. The method of fractional gas analysis shows the dynamics of changes in the content of various types of oxide non-metallic inclusions during ladle treatment and casting of steel. The obtained results can be used to analyze the causes of the formation of harmful NMI in the metal and to optimize ladle treatment of IF steel grades.

Evaluation of different alloying concepts to trace non-metallic inclusions by adding rare earths on a laboratory scale

“…The type, size, shape and distribution of these particles can significantly impact the mechanical properties, such as toughness, fatigue properties or fracture toughness, and further the corrosion resistance of steels [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. NMIs can also cause problems during production [9,10], in addition to the effect on the final product quality. For instance, clogging during continuous casting is a possible consequence of the deposition of alumina inclusions, which have a higher liquidus temperature than steel [10][11][12][13].…”

“…NMIs can also cause problems during production [9,10], in addition to the effect on the final product quality. For instance, clogging during continuous casting is a possible consequence of the deposition of alumina inclusions, which have a higher liquidus temperature than steel [10][11][12][13]. The melting point of the deoxidation products (Al 2 O 3 ) can be lowered through a calcium treatment.…”