Determination of Sex by Cheiloscopy as an Aid to Establish Personal Identity

Abstract

Background: Establishment of individuality is the basic concept of the humanity, which formulates personal identity. Forensic medicine is basically the science of identification and during last few decades multiple research work has been conducted for detection of different methods of identification to establish a baseline of identity e.g. dental data, fingerprinting, DNA analysis, anthropometry, identification of sex, assessment of age, determination of height and blood groups identification. Among these, DNA analysis and dental data provide easiest identifications, however, these techniques are expensive and not readily availablenecessitating additional techniques for identification. One of such novel approach is cheiloscopy i.e. study of lip print patterns. Methodology: In order to investigate the lip prints-based identification, a study was conducted in the Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Lahore. A total of 125 female and 125 male student subjects were selected from all years of MBBS students Session 2016. Results: After detailed study and evaluation of lip patterns of 250 subjects, 96 males and 105 females were correctly identified based upon lip prints. Conclusion: Lip prints can and should be included in the forensic sciences as a means of establishment of individuality especially for criminals.

Lip Forensics; Cheiloscopic Pattern Among Population of Punjab, Pakistan.

“…Our results also match those observed in earlier studies done in Lahore, Pakistan. 8,9,15 The probable reason for the same results is due to same environmental conditions, genetic makeup and ethnicity. 7 However, our results are in contrast to the studies done in Nigeria, 12 Iran, 16 Egypt 17 & few states of India.…”

“…Our results also support the findings of previous researches which were done in Lahore division (Central Punjab), Pakistan. 8,9,15 So this can be inferred that factors like geographical location, ethnicity, and environmental conditions can influence the final outcome. Unfortunately, no studies are done in other regions of Punjab, Pakistan.…”

“…6,7 Lip pattern printing is considered one of the surest, easiest and less time taking methods of personal identity due to the fact that lips naturally have special lines and grooves which varies among individuals and populations. 8 There are certain conditions which may affect the appearance of lip prints pattern. For instance, it is recommended to take lip prints within 24 hours after death.…”

Lip Print Analysis in Malaysian Chinese Population (Klang Valley): LipstickCellophane Tape Technique

“…Four researchers studied only middle part of lip prints of Indian population (size samples were less than 400) and the dominant lip prints were type I, III and IV (Kinra et al 2014;Multani et al 2014;Remya et al 2016;Verghese et al 2010). Researchers from Pakistan and India used whole lips for their studies, with sample size of less than 400 and the dominant lip print patterns were type I and IV (Ishaq et al 2018;Kautilya et al 2013;Kumar et al 2016). A lot of other researchers analysed 4 quadrants of lips in order to determine the dominant pattern in Indian population and the results showed that type I, I', II, III and V were among the dominant patterns (Bindal et al 2009;Gondivkar et al 2009;Kapoor & Badiye 2017;Nagrale et al 2014;Prabhu et al 2012).…”

Digital Approach for Lip Prints Analysis in Malaysian Malay Population (Klang Valley): Photograph on Lipstick-Cellophane Tape Technique

“…Ishaq et al 2018;Kautilya et al 2013;Kumar et al 2016) and even only the middle part of the lips(Kinra et al 2014;Multani et al 2014;Remya et al 2016). Only Wan Rafiuddin (Wan Rafiuddin et al 2018) used 6 sections, similar to the current study.…”