Determination of reference values for glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, and insulin sensitivity tests in clinically normal cats

Appleton, D. J.; Rand, J. S.; Priest, Jean H.; Sunvold, Gregory D.

doi:10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.630

Cited by 48 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…Most veterinary studies have used 0.5 g/kg as a dosage and a 2nd-phase release also could not be distinguished in those studies. 8,16,17 The 1st phase of insulin secretion is important for glucose homeostasis. If it is decreased, the initial rise in glucose seems to elicit a higher 2nd-phase insulin release.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Glucose Dosage on Interpretation of Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Tests in Lean and Obese Cats

Hoenig

Alexander

Holson

et al. 2002

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs) are used in cats and other species to assess insulin sensitivity. Several dosages have been reported but the dosage that maximally stimulates insulin secretion in cats has not been determined nor has it been compared in lean and obese animals. IVGTTs were performed in 4 lean and 4 obese spayed female cats with 5 glucose dosages: 0.3 (A), 0.5 (B), 0.8 (C), 1.0 (D), and 1.3 (E) g/kg body weight (BW). Each cat received each dosage in a random design. The glucose disposal rate was significantly different only between lean and obese cats at the highest glucose dosage. The area under the curve for insulin increased significantly among A, B, C, and D in lean and among A, B, and C in obese cats but not between D and E in lean and among C, D, and E in obese cats. Baseline insulin secretion was significantly higher (P ϭ .03) and 1st peak insulin secretion was approximately 50% lower in obese as compared to lean cats (P ϭ .03). Lean but not obese cats reached baseline insulin concentrations at all dosages at 120 minutes. We conclude that the glucose dosage for maximal insulin secretion is 1.0 g/ kg BW in lean and 0.8 g/kg BW in obese cats, supporting routine use of 1 g/kg BW to maximally stimulate insulin secretion regardless of body composition. Obese cats showed an abnormal insulin secretion pattern, indicating a defect in insulin secretion with obesity and insulin resistance.Key words: Insulin; Resistance; Secretion. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs) often are used to test beta cell function. The IVGTT is a sensitive test because glucose recognition has been shown to be lost early in the process of beta cell damage or impairment. The IVGTT is used to document glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. It is an excellent test to examine alterations in the insulin secretion pattern, which are the earliest signs of beta cell dysfunction in many species, including humans and cats.2-4 Although a dose-response study for glucose has been reported in the dog, similar studies have not been reported for the cat. The purpose of this study was to standardize the IVGTT with establishment of the optimal glucose dosage to achieve maximal insulin secretion and glucose disposal in lean and obese cats. Materials and MethodsFour lean and 4 obese female spayed adult purpose-bred cats a were used in this study. The body fat in the obese cats measured with dual emission x-ray absorptiometry was 50 Ϯ 3% higher than their body fat when they were lean. Their body weight was 44 Ϯ 4% higher than their lean body weight. The cats were maintained at the University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Care Facility under standard colony conditions. They were housed in individual cages and were given free access to water. Animal studies were approved by the University of Georgia Animal Care and Use Committee and conducted in accordance with guidelines established by the Animal Welfare Act and the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The anima...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, a recent publication 17 proposed such a range. However, glucose tolerance is strongly influenced by external factors such as diet and husbandry conditions, as well as the technical issues of assay and laboratory variations amplified by the lack of a feline-specific insulin assay.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Glucose Dosage on Interpretation of Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Tests in Lean and Obese Cats

Hoenig

Alexander

Holson

et al. 2002

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…This observation is also supported by the increased K coefficient following this second injection. However, it must be noted that even here the K coefficient is still 9-to 20-fold lower than that of mammals (Appleton et al, 2001;Yajima et al, 1983) and 25-fold higher than that of omnivorous fish species (Ottolenghi et al, 1995) but similar to those of other carnivorous fish . Thus, in agreement with data from other fish species , these results suggest that rainbow trout can develop an improved capacity to clear and peripherally utilize glucose after the first injection and will be more efficient at dealing with the second load.…”

Section: Plasma Glycaemia Regulation By Insulin In Cannulated Troutmentioning

confidence: 96%

Insulin-induced hypoglycaemia is co-ordinately regulated by liver and muscle during acute and chronic insulin stimulation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Polakof

Skiba‐Cassy

Choubert

et al. 2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYThe relative glucose intolerance of carnivorous fish species is often proposed to be a result of poor peripheral insulin action or possibly insulin resistance. In the present study, data from aortic cannulated rainbow trout receiving bovine insulin (75 mIU kg -1 ) injections show for the first time their ability to clear glucose in a very efficient manner. In another set of experiments, mRNA transcripts and protein phosphorylation status of proteins controlling glycaemia and glucose-related metabolism were studied during both acute and chronic treatment with bovine insulin. Our results show that fasted rainbow trout are well adapted at the molecular level to respond to increases in circulating insulin levels, and that this hormone is able to potentially improve glucose distribution and uptake by peripheral tissues. After acute insulin administration we found that to counter-regulate the insulininduced hypoglycaemia, trout metabolism is strongly modified. This short-term, efficient response to hypoglycaemia includes a rapid, coordinated response involving the reorganization of muscle and liver metabolism. During chronic insulin treatment some of the functions traditionally attributed to insulin actions in mammals were observed, including increased mRNA levels of glucose transporters and glycogen storage (primarily in the muscle) as well as decreased mRNA levels of enzymes involved in de novo glucose production (in the liver). Finally, we show that the rainbow trout demonstrates most of the classic metabolic adjustments employed by mammals to efficiently utilize glucose in the appropriate insulin context.

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“…Insulin response in cats has been estimated by intravenous glucose tolerance test [1,3,16,17]. High-dose infusion of glucose, however, poses a great risk of developing glucose toxication in cats with obesity or diabetes mellitus.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin Responses to Administrations of Amino Acids and Fatty Acids in Healthy Cats

Yasuda

Takashima

Takagi

et al. 2011

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. In order to compare the stimulation ability of insulin secretion, we determined changes in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations after intravenous administration of various amino acids and essential fatty acids in clinically healthy adult cats. Plasma glucose concentrations were within the normal ranges after injection of amino acids and fatty acids. Plasma insulin concentrations increased rapidly 2 to 4 min after injection of arginine, then decreased to the basal levels at 20 min in all five cats. Insulin peak responses were significantly greater in arginine injections than in normal saline (P<0.01). Areas under the curve (AUC) of plasma insulin concentrations from 0 to 10 min after injection of arginine were significantly larger than after injection of normal saline (P<0.01) and glucose (P<0.05). Increases in AUC of plasma insulin concentration from 0 to 60 min were observed after injection of arginine, leucine, alanine, and fat emulsion. Arginine had a strong insulinotropic effect, and leucine, alanine, and fatty acids had weak ones. Besides, valine, methionine, taurine and glutamine had no stimulant activity of insulin. Given the risk of glucose toxication and required time for testing, the intravenous arginine tolerance test may be useful for estimation of insulin responses in cats.KEY WORDS: amino acid, arginine, fatty acid, feline, insulin secretion.

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Determination of reference values for glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, and insulin sensitivity tests in clinically normal cats

Abstract: GTT, ITT, and IST can be performed in cats, using standard protocols. Knowledge of reference values and test variability will enable researchers to better interpret test results for assessment of glucose tolerance, pancreatic beta-cell function, and insulin sensitivity in cats.

Cited by 48 publications

References 41 publications

Influence of Glucose Dosage on Interpretation of Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Tests in Lean and Obese Cats

Influence of Glucose Dosage on Interpretation of Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Tests in Lean and Obese Cats

Insulin-induced hypoglycaemia is co-ordinately regulated by liver and muscle during acute and chronic insulin stimulation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Insulin Responses to Administrations of Amino Acids and Fatty Acids in Healthy Cats

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