Determination of ofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin in sewage by selective solid-phase extraction, liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

An overview of analytical methodologies for the determination of antibiotics in environmental waters

“…Another possibility is the use of cation-exchange mechanism to retain the piperazinyl quinolones over a wide range of pH values. FQs can be extracted using cationexchange sorbents when they are in cationic form which means the pH of sample has to be below their pK a constants (2 units below the pK a constants ≤ 3.0) [51,52].…”

“…However, other types including cation-exchange [51,52], C 18 [36] and Chromabond tetracycline [55] were used. A tandem system using an anion-exchange cartridge on the top together with Oasis HLB was also described [53].…”

“…LC coupled to tandem MS method is nowadays a technique of choice for the determination of very low concentrations of FQs in environmental waters because of its selectivity and specificity. However, LC with FD was used in six works [50][51][52][53][54][55]. FQs are naturally highly fluorescent compounds and RP-LC-FD can be used for their determination.…”

“…For the quantitation and confirmation, SRM experiments were used [35,52,55]. In some studies single MS was utilized together with ESI + and SIM (selected ion monitoring) experiment [51,55,66].…”

“…However, RP-amide C 16 stationary phase [51] and C 8 analytical column were utilized [35,50,52]. A monolithic column was used for LC separation in two studies [53,54].…”