Determination of norepinephrine using a glassy carbon electrode modified with graphene quantum dots and gold nanoparticles by square wave stripping voltammetry

Carbon and graphene quantum dots: a review on syntheses, characterization, biological and sensing applications for neurotransmitter determination

“…Successful results were obtained for usage of GCE/ GQDs/AuNPs in the drug procurement (NE ampoules) and in the rat brain tissue. 152 Vinoth et al developed a cost-effective and environmentally friendly sonochemical approach to procure the GQDs which smoothly dispersed on the silicate matrix (TMSPED) which was capped by the gold nano crystals (AuNCs). The GQD-TMSPED-AuNCs placed on a GCE for determining EP and DA simultaneously as it is depicted in Fig.…”

Graphene Quantum Dots by Eco-Friendly Green Synthesis for Electrochemical Sensing: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

“…Norepinephrine has been detected, by square wave stripping voltammetry analysis using GQDs derived from citric acid pyrolysis, modulating a glassy carbon electrode and a subsequent deposition of an AuNPs layer. The GCE/GQDs/AuNPs gave linear range values of 0.5–7.5 μM layer and no significant interference was detected [ 102 ]. In a recent approach, glassy carbon electrodes modified with GQDs (citric acid derivatives) doped with poly (sulfosalicylic acid) have been developed for simultaneous detection of estradiol (E) and progesterone (P) [ 103 ].…”

Graphene Quantum Dots-Based Nanocomposites Applied in Electrochemical Sensors: A Recent Survey

“…In recent years, composites using several functional materials have been developed to improve the electrochemical properties of GQDs [26,150,151]. Considerable enhancement of the sensing performance can be achieved by the combination of GQDs with 0D [73,[152][153][154], 1D [155,156], 2D nanomaterials [96,157], metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) [158,159], molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) [160,161], ionic liquids [162,163], and other types of materials, representing a very attractive and favorable strategy for the design of electrochemical interfaces. To date, various GQDs-based nanocomposites have been successfully prepared following different approaches for detecting analytes from ions and small molecules to biomolecules and proteins.…”

“…Because of such characteristics, an increasing number of studies on 0D nanomaterials applied in (bio)sensors has been reported in the past few years [190]. In this scenario, several authors have demonstrated that hybridizing metal oxide, e.g., Fe 3 O 4 [73,152], Co 3 O 4 [191], NiO [77,166], ZnO [192], ZrO 2 [170], and metal nanoparticles (NPs), such as Au [153,154], Ag [193][194][195], and AuPd [78] with GQDs can enhance their sensing performance in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. Among these nanomaterials, Au NPs and Ag NPs are the most employed, due to their excellent conductivity, high surface area, biocompatibility, and catalytic activity [79,196].…”

“…The combination of GQD with noble metal nanomaterials has also been considered a suitable choice for the detection of analytes of environmental [168,197] and biomedical interest [79,86,154,167,198]. For instance, Shadjou et al reported the development of an electrochemical sensing platform based on Ag NPs and nitrogen-doped GQDs (N-GQDS) for sensitive voltammetric detection of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in human plasma samples [198].…”