Determination of Nitrogen in Living Patients

Biggin, H C; Chen, N. S.; Ettinger, K.V.; Fremlin, J. H.; Morgan, W. D.; Nowotny, R.; Chamberlain, Michael J.

doi:10.1038/newbio236187a0

Cited by 38 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…(IVNAA) is a well established research procedure in clinical investigation (Anderson, Osborn, Tomlinson, Newton, Rundo, Salmon and Smith 1964, Boddy 1966, Palmer, Nelp, Murano and Rich 1967, Chamberlain, Fremlin, Philip and Peters 1968, Cohn and Dombrowski 1971.…”

Section: In Vivo Neutron Activation Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium-Its in vivo detection in man

McLellan¹,

Thomas²,

Fremlin³

et al. 1975

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Neutron capture gamma-ray analysis has been applied to the in vivo detection of Cd in man. The technique was designed for the screening of industrial workers at risk. The limit of sensitivity in a liver-sized phantom is 0-5 ppm for a dose of 0-4 rad. Reproducibility and the effects of positional uncertainties have been investigated. A number of cadavers were studied to establish normal limits prior to commencement of a programme of clinical investigation. A patient with known Cd poisoning was estimated to contain 65-110 ppm of Cd in his liver. A liver dose of 0-05 rad was required.

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Section: In Vivo Neutron Activation Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium-Its in vivo detection in man

McLellan¹,

Thomas²,

Fremlin³

et al. 1975

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“…In Birmingham, England, during the late 1960s, experimental work was carried out on the prompt technique in parallel with a clinical program using delayed activation. This led to the design and construction of the MERMAID facility (Medical Experimental Room for Monitoring and Irradiation Development), in which the prompt‐gamma measurement of total body nitrogen (and subsequently, organ Cd) was achieved using a pulsed neutron beam from a cyclotron 4. Thus, within just a few years, parameters were established for the five elements most successfully measured by PGIVNA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Of Mermaids and Mountains: Three Decades of Prompt Activation in Vivo

Morgan

2000

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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During 1966 to 1972, several laboratories demonstrated the feasibility of measuring the major body elements H, N, Ca, and Cl by prompt gamma in vivo neutron activation analysis (PGIVNA). The MERMAID facility in Birmingham, England used a cyclotron‐produced pulsed neutron beam, but other groups in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, and New Zealand subsequently developed systems based on radioisotope neutron sources that could measure body nitrogen with a precision of a margin of error of a few percentage points. The accuracy of N measurement was greatly enhanced by Vartsky's internal standardization, using prompt‐gamma H as the marker and total body hydrogen (based on total body water and skinfolds) as the reference. Chlorine and extracellular water volume were used in a similar way by the Swansea group to calibrate the prompt‐gamma analysis of total body calcium. The PGIVNA technique is most valuable in assessing nutritional status, particularly in relation to body protein.

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“…More recently the technique has been applied to children (Baur et a1 1991a, b, Gaskin et al 1990, Allen et al 1987. TBN is measured using in vivo prompt gamma neutron capture analysis (NCA) (Biggin et al 1972). It is a direct measure of body nitrogen, which can be related to body protein because nitrogen forms 16% of the mass of most body protein.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen background in total body nitrogen estimations

et al. 1995

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Total body nitrogen (TBN) is measured by in vivo prompt gamma neutron capture analysis. Usually the background under the nitrogen peak is subtracted before calculating TBN from the ratio of nitrogen counts (at 10.8 MeV) to hydrogen counts (at 2.2 MeV). The hydrogen acts as an internal standard. The background under the hydrogen peak is usually ignored. The current study was undertaken to measure the variation of the hydrogen background (HB) in patients of different sizes and to determine whether the accuracy of TBN measurements is improved when an HB correction is incorporated. Heavy-water (D2O) phantoms were used to quantify patient HB. D2O simulates patient neutron scattering without contributing to the hydrogen peak. Equations were developed to predict HB in patient measurements. HB was found to vary from 9% of total counts for a 99 kg subject to 19% for a 7 kg infant. It was demonstrated that the accuracy of TBN measurements is improved for child-sized anthropometric phantoms of known composition when an HB correction is incorporated.

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Determination of Nitrogen in Living Patients

Cited by 38 publications

References 4 publications

Cadmium-Its in vivo detection in man

Cadmium-Its in vivo detection in man

Of Mermaids and Mountains: Three Decades of Prompt Activation in Vivo

Hydrogen background in total body nitrogen estimations

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