Determination of Nitrofuran Metabolites in Fish by Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detection with Thermostatic Ultrasound-Assisted Derivatization

Abstract

Nitrofuran (NF) is a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that are used illegally in animal feeding. NF and its metabolites have proven to pose potential risk to human health. To address the current analytical needs to quantify low levels of NF metabolites in animal foods, a sensitive method was developed for simultaneous detection of four NF metabolites in fish products by an ultraperformance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (UPLC-DAD). With 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (2-NBA) as the derivatizing reagent, the metabolites were hydrolyzed and derivatized under the assistance of thermostatic ultrasound. Compared with the current detection methods, the time of the derivatization reaction has been shortened from 16 to 2 h. The relative coefficient of four NF metabolite derivatives reached more than 0.998, with excellent linear relationship. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) of six repeated determinations reached 0.25–0.33 and 0.80–1.10 μg/kg, respectively. For all four NF metabolites, the limit of detection of the method was below the minimum required performance limit (MRPL) of 1.0 μg/kg, which makes it compatible with the EU requirements. The recoveries ranging from 89.8 to 101.9% with relative standard deviation below 6.5% were obtained for all of the NF metabolites. What’s more, this method was successfully applied for the determination of four NF metabolites in the fish products. As a promising approach, this method could also be extended for the quantitation of NF metabolites in aquaculture and poultry products.

Quantitative Determination of Nitrofurazone Metabolites in Animal-Derived Foods Based on a Background Fluorescence Quenching Immunochromatographic Assay

“…In this study, as NFZ was very unstable after entering an animal’s body, it could be quickly metabolized into SEM with smaller molecular weight in a short time and could consequently bind to tissue proteins in a relatively stable state. Because the molecular weight of SEM was too small, a derivatization reagent (2-NBA) was usually used to generate NPSEM, increasing its molecular weight [ 31 ]. For animal samples, the matrix component with the greatest interference in the extract was protein.…”

Determination of Nitrofuran Metabolites in Complex Food Matrices Using a Rough, Cheap, Easy-Made Wooden-Tip-Based Solid-Phase Microextraction Probe and LC-MS/MS

“…Toxicology research indicated that NFs and their metabolites are potentially hazardous substances, with possible carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic properties [10][11][12][13].…”

Melamine functionalised multiwalled carbon nanotubes (M-MWCNTs) as a metal-free electrocatalyst for simultaneous determination of 4-nitrophenol and nitrofurantoin

“…9 So, therefore it is necessary to develop analytical tools which are capable of addressing this issue, and also an answer for this problem. In order to achieve this goal, researchers have used various analytical methods for the determination of NFT and 4-NP such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 10 colorimetry, 11 capillary zone electrophoresis, 12 spectroscopic determination, 13 liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS), 14 flow injection analysis, 15 polarography 16 and electrochemical methods 17 were employed. The electrochemical method outperformed other methods due to its unique advantages such as rapidity, low limit of detection, no or easy sample pre-treatment, cost effectiveness, easy to operate, high sensitivity, high selectivity and portability.…”