Determination of Nitrofuran Metabolites in Complex Food Matrices Using a Rough, Cheap, Easy-Made Wooden-Tip-Based Solid-Phase Microextraction Probe and LC-MS/MS

Abstract

In this study, a rough, cheap, easy-made wooden-tip-based solid-phase microextraction (SPME) probe was first developed for simultaneous determination of 4 nitrofuran metabolite derivatives in complex food matrices via LC-MS/MS. A simple dip-coating method was used to coat wooden tips with biocompatible polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-divinylbenzene, also known as HLB particles, which served as the extractive substrate in the proposed device. Compared with the traditional solid-phase extraction (SPE) method, the proposed device shortens sample clean-up time, reduces solvent consumption, and decreases testing costs. In addition, the main parameters affecting the SPME procedure efficiency were investigated in detail and the optimal conditions were found. The method was validated using three different food matrixes (pork, croaker, and honey) by spiking with the four metabolites at 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 μg/kg, as well as their internal standards. The average recovery of all nitrofuran metabolite derivatives ranges from 97.4–109.5% (pork), 87.5–112.7% (croaker), and 98.6–109.0% (honey). Relative standard deviations were all <10% for intraday and interday precision. The values of limit of detection and limit of quantification were, respectively, ranging from 0.011 to 0.123 and 0.033 to 0.369 μg/kg (pork), 0.009 to 0.112 and 0.027 to 0.339 μg/kg (croaker), and 0.010 to 0.131 and 0.030 to 0.293 μg/kg (honey). The presented method was applied to the analysis of real positive samples.

Bubble‐driven solid‐phase microextraction for the rapid determination of potassium sorbate in oyster sauce by HPLC‐DAD

“…In SPME procedures, the number of coating dips plays a pivotal role. An optimal thickness for the coating can significantly amplify compound adsorption and enhance detection sensitivity (Gong et al ., 2022). To delve deeper into how this thickness impacts the BD‐SPME's efficacy.…”

“…With a decreasing trend in the response signal as the number of coatings increases further. This may be because the uniformity decreases as the coating thickness increases, causing some of the binding sites to be lost and hidden (Gong et al ., 2022). Therefore, a 10‐layer PAN‐HLB‐WAX coating was chosen for subsequent experiments.…”

Analysis of 14 β‐agonists in pork using an automated wooden tip‐based solid‐phase microextraction device and ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

“…In a previous study, our team presented a rough, cost‐effective, and easily fabricated wooden‐tip‐based SPME probe designed for detecting veterinary drug residues in complex matrices [24]. This SPME was constructed using a simple dip‐coating method, applying adsorbents to the surface of the wooden tip.…”

Hydrophobic carboxymethyl cellulose as a clean-up sorbent in the determination of nitrofuran metabolites in animal-fat samples

“…13 The chemical structure of NF features a nitro group embedded in a furan ring, which endows the compound with its bactericidal activity. 14 There are four well-known compounds in the NF class of antibiotics that are commonly used in animal treatment: nitrofurazone (NFZ), furaltadone (FTD), furazolidone (FZD), and nitrofurantoin (NFT). 15 These drugs exhibit a short half-life in organisms, and are converted to the metabolites semicarbazide (SEM), 3-amino-5-(4-morpholinyl-methyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one (AMOZ), 3-amino-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one (AOZ), and 1-amino-hydantoin (AHD) after digestion.…”

“…The efficiency of clean-up step is important to overcome animal matrix interferences, especially fats interference, which have a signicant effect on NF metabolite determination at the MRPL level. Several approaches have been reported for clean-up techniques, for instance, solid phase extraction (SPE), 14,[20][21][22] liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) [23][24][25][26] and freezing fats ltration. 27,28 In spite of the diversity of such techniques, they have many limitations such as time consuming, high cost, large amount of used chemicals and low efficiency.…”