Determination of nitroaromatic explosives and their degradation products in unsaturated-zone water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array, mass spectrometric, and tandem mass spectrometric detection

Ion spectrometric detection technologies for ultra‐traces of explosives: A review

“…In its applications in the aquatic environment, nitroaromatic explosives and their degradation products in water samples can be detected by using LC-MS (Gates et al, 1996). The nitroaromatic and nitramines and their metabolites present in former military sites have been investigated using GC-MS (Levsen et al, 1993).…”

Simultaneous determination of carbazole-based explosives in environmental waters by dispersive liquid—liquid microextraction coupled to HPLC with UV-Vis detection

“…These limitations led to the development of other methods such as solid-phase extraction [18], solid-phase microextraction [19][20][21], micellar extraction [22], supercritical fluid extraction [23] solvent microextraction [24], single-drop microextraction [25], hollow fiber-based liquid-phase microextraction [26], and cloud point extraction [27]. These methods usually serve as sample preparation techniques which preconcentrate the analyte in the samples for analysis by one of the following techniques: high-performance liquid chromatography [28], gas chromatography [29], ion mobility spectrometry [30], capillary electrochromatography [31], supercritical fluid chromatography [32,33] or electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis [34].…”

Highly efficient micellar extraction of toxic picric acid into novel ionic liquid: Effect of parameters, solubilization isotherm, evaluation of thermodynamics and design parameters

“…To overcome these disadvantages, a traditional extraction method has been replaced by other methodologies such as steam distillation extraction (SDE) [7], supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) [8], solid-phase extraction (SPE) [9], solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) [10], solvent micro extraction [11], single-drop micro extraction (SDME) [12], hollow fiber based liquid-phase micro extraction (HFLPME) [13], micellar extraction and cloud point extraction (CPE) [14,15]. The detection of phenolic compounds using above mentioned extraction methods can be usually carry out by one of the following analytical techniques: spectrophotometry [16], gas chromatography (GC) [17], high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [18], capillary electro chromatography (CE) [19], supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) [20], electrochemical biosensors [21] and electrophoresis [22]. In recent times, CPE has been recognized as important and practical applications in analytical chemistry due to its simple, effective and environment-friendly behavior.…”