Determination of nasal carriage and skin colonization, antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic relatedness of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis in Szczecin, Poland

Abstract

Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most frequent chronic and inflammatory skin condition. AD is characterized by damaged epidermal barrier, xerosis and pruritus of eczematous skin lesions which tend to flare. The duration and frequency of exacerbation of AD symptoms markedly affects the quality of patient life. AD results from the interplay between host genetics, immunity, and environmental factors, however the detailed pathogenesis of this disease is still not entirely cleared. Furthermore, disturbances of the skin microbiota and skin functional impairment predispose to secondary skin infections. Staphylococcus aureus colonizes skin and mucous membranes of 20 to 80% of healthy individuals and of 90% of patients with AD in whom this bacterium is accounted as an important AD exacerbating factor. It is also proven, that S. aureus nasal carriage significantly increases the risk for self-transmission and endogenous infection. In the current study the presence of S. aureus either in nasal vestibule and on lesioned skin of 64 patients with AD enrolled in 10-year autovaccination program was determined. The genetic relatedness of 86 S. aureus isolated from patients nose and skin using Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and antimicrobial susceptibility of all strains to methicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, mupirocin, gentamicin, amikacin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole was also evaluated. Results In total 23 PFGE genotypes and 24 unique patterns were distinguished. 34 patients were S. aureus nasal carriers. Simultaneous presence of S. aureus in nose and on affected skin was found in 16 carriers colonized by indistinguishable or potentially related S. aureus vs 2 carriers colonized with non-related S. aureus in nasal vestibule and on skin. 4 isolates were methicillin resistant (MRSA) among which 3 showed constitutive MLSB resistance phenotype and remaining one was resistant to tetracycline and chloramphenicol. In 4 isolates inducible MLSB resistance phenotype was found, one of them was additionally resistant to tetracycline. 7 S. aureus were mupirocin resistant among them 3 - isolated from one patient, were resistant simultaneously to tetracyclines and chloramphenicol. 7 strains demonstrated resistance to chloramphenicol and susceptibility to all tested antimicrobial agents. The susceptibility to gentamicin, amikacin and cotrimoxazole among all examined S. aureus was confirmed. Conclusion The obtained results indicated non-clonal structure of S. aureus circulating in AD patients. PFGE results showed the clonal-structure of vast majority of S. aureus isolated from nose and skin from nasal carriers what may prove the autoinfection in these patients. All examined patients the moderate or strong severity of AD was reported. Susceptibility to most antibiotics among isolated strains was also observed.

Methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus isolates from skin and nares of Brazilian children with atopic dermatitis demonstrate high level of clonal diversity

“…In turn, the high prevalence of S. aureus in children without AD in the present study (50%) could be explained by close contact with patients presenting the disease. The similarity between S. aureus isolates from AD patients and their relatives [31][32][33], as well as the similarity PLOS ONE of S. aureus isolates found in different colonization sites of the same patient is also reported [31,[34][35][36]. Indeed, 20 (74.1%) children with AD were colonized by S. aureus of the same genotype in the lesional skin and nares, as well as all non-AD children who presented S. aureus at both sites evaluated.…”

“…aureus isolates from AD patients and their relatives [ 31 – 33 ], as well as the similarity of S . aureus isolates found in different colonization sites of the same patient is also reported [ 31 , 34 – 36 ]. Indeed, 20 (74.1%) children with AD were colonized by S .…”

Nasal microbiota profiles in shelter dogs with dermatological conditions carrying methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus species

“…nasal and skin carriage in dogs with allergic dermatitis or AD whilst accounting for disease severity in both animal shelters and veterinary clinics and shelter/practice-based data. Indeed, two human-based studies have observed that persistent nasal S. aureus carriers experienced more severe AD 49,50 . Additionally, future studies could use machine learning techniques like ENR models to investigate predictive genera of dogs with skin and ear conditions from their corresponding microbiotas, to determine if there are any differences between body sites or condition types.…”

Enhancement of neutrophil chemotaxis by trans-anethole-treated Staphylococcus aureus strains

“…To demonstrate the clonal diversity of the analyzed S. aureus strains, they were subjected to molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), using CHEF Bacterial Genomic DNA Plug Kits (Bio-Rad, Marnes-la-Coquette, France) according to the procedure described by Masiuk et al [15]. Briefly, digestion of whole-genomic DNA was performed using the SmaI enzyme (MBI Fermentas, Ontario, Canada) according to the manufacturer's protocol.…”